'■■ '  I  1  ■> 


<.■■■■■: 


W 


*>■}     (J 


.,       .         ..     ,  4 


/ 


r*r'T?  on  *he  last  date  s'flm^H  *-«•' 


STATS  NORMAL  SCHOOL 

W&  ANGKLEa  CALUfUhWA 


Reference  Guides 

That  Should    Be   Known  and  How 
To  Use  Them 


& 


A  series  of  eight  groups  of  graded  lessons  on  the 

use   of  reference  books    which  could  be 

given     in    connection    with    the 

English  Courses  in  High 

and    Normal 

Schools 


By, 

Florence  MV  Hopkins 

Librarian 
Detroit  Central  High  School 


The  Willard  Company 

479  Sixth  Street 
Detroit,     -     Michigan 

Price  of  complete  series  as  outlined  in  the  Contents 
One  Dollar  and  Fifty  Cents 

Issued  also  in  separate  groups 
See  reverse  side  of  this  page 


1>G>"*>\^ 


The  Willard  Company  also  issue  groups  in  six  separate  paper 

bound  pamphlets,  of  about  thirty  pages  each,  in  combinations  as 
indicated  below. 

Group  1,  separately.  Groups  7  and  8,  together. 

Group  2    separately.  1SQ   additional  reference   prob- 

Groups  3  and  4,  together.  .       __ 

Groups  5  and  6,  together.  lems'  wlth  Ke^  separately. 

Combinations  of  these  pamphlets,  or  duplicates   of  any  ones 

desired,  can  be  secured  on  the  following  terms 

Not  fewer  than       12   copies:      one    address:      payment    in    advance:       20e    each. 

' 50   "     "     "        "    "     "     17c   " 

100   "     "     "        "    "     "     15c   " 

500   "     "     "        ' 12c   " 

"   1000   "     "     "        10c  " 


Copyright,  1916,  by 
FLORENCE  M.  HOPKINS 


/03S 


H77 

dab 


7 


FOREWORD 

Possibly  the  best  way  of  presenting  the  points  which  it  is 
hoped  this  series  of  lessons  may  emphasize  is  to  quote  directly 
from  the  preface  of  a  Bulletin  on  "Library  instruction  in  universi- 
ties, colleges  and  normal  schools,"  from  the  United  States  Bureau 
of  Education,  1914— No.  34. 

Many  educators  of  note,  as  well  as  college  and 
university  librarians,  have  emphasized  the  urgent  necessity 
of  instruction  and  training  in  "book-using  skill." 

The  place  of  the  library  in  the  work  of  all  departments 
is  one  of  increasing  importance.  The  library  is  a  resource 
or  reservoir  from  which  the  student  should  draw  constantly 
for  information  and  inspiration,  whether  his  interest  lies 
in  history,  literature,  or  science.  Every  month  of  delay 
in  instructing  him  in  the  meaning  and  use  of  the  library 
lessens  the  efficiency  of  his  course. 

Every    new    student    should    be    required    to 

take  some  course  in  which  is  given  definite  practical  in- 
struction in  the  handling  of  library  tools.  It  is  not  enough 
to  instruct  those  who  happen  to  choose  history  or  litera- 
ture. Such  a  course,  moreover,  should  not  only  be  requir- 
ed, but  it  should  constitute  a  definite  part  of  the  work 
required  for  a  degree.  Perhaps  the  best  way  of  securing 
its  recognition  would  be  to  give  it  a  definite  credit  toward 
a  given  degree. 

If  work  of  this  character  is  so  desirable  for  college  and 
university  students,  it  is  also  desirable,  and  even  to  a  greater 
extent,  for  pupils  in  high  schools,  as  it  should  be  given  as  soon  as 
profitable  in  the  educational  system.  Early  familiarity  with  the 
methods  of  arranging  reference  material  in  dictionaries,  encyclo- 
paedias, magazine  guides,  general  indexes,  card  catalogues,  and 
many  other  accepted  forms,  is  a  great  aid  to  clear,  forceful,  inde- 
pendent work  in  adult  life. 

To  know  in  which  book  one  should  look  for  a  date  in  history, 
or  a  magazine  article  on  a  desired  subject,  or  the  president's 
cabinet,  or  hundreds  of  similar  points,  should  cause  no  more 
hesitation  than  it  does  to  know  in  which  book  to  look  for  a 
telephone  number.  None  of  us  would  willingly  be  hampered  by 
not  knowing  how  to  use  so  necessary  a  reference  book  as  a  tele- 
phone directory;  and  yet,  in  a  relative  sense,  a  student  who  does 
not  know  where  to  look  for  ordinary  information  is  correspondingly 
hampered. 

3 


A  series  of  eight  groups  of  lessons,  as  outlined  under  the 
Contents,  is  herewith  offered  as  a  suggestion  of  what  might  be 
accomplished  in  teaching  the  use  of  important  reference  books  to 
high  school  students  by  giving,  in  a  graded  sequence,  possibly 
through  the  medium  of  the  English  classes,  a  few  full  period 
lessons  each  term,  provided  the  lessons  could  receive  the  same 
serious  attention  as  that  granted  to  other  subjects.  The 
instruction  could  be  given  either  by  a  teacher  or  by  a 
librarian;  preferably  by  a  librarian,  sufficiently  relieved  from 
her  routine  duties  to  enable  her  to  take  some  regular  class 
period  of  a  teacher.  In  the  latter  case,  the  librarian  should  have 
the  authority  that  a  teacher  would  have  to  assign  work,  and  to 
require  that  it  be  prepared  with  the  same  care  that  any  other 
lesson  would  receive,  and  that  it  be  credited  by  the  teacher  as 
other  lessons  of  equal  length  would  be  credited.  Such  a  recogni- 
tion of  the  librarian  as  teacher  would  be  in  accord  with  the  move- 
ment of  granting  full  faculty  membership  to  high  school  librarians, 
even  conceding  them,  in  large  schools,  the  position  of  department 
head  as,  in  a  relative  sense,  is  granted  to  most  college  librarians. 
The  place  of  the  library  in  high  school  education  is  in  its  infancy, 
but  the  promise  of  its  growth  and  value  is  rich  beyond  present 
realization. 

The  plan  of  the  outline  is  to  explain  the  general  scope  and 
the  arrangement  of  important  reference  material  on  different  sub- 
jects, and  then  to  follow  the  explanation  with  concrete  examples 
and  problems.  In  most  cases  detailed  guidance  is  given  as  to 
where  the  information  called  for  could  be  found.  It  was  estimated 
that  a  student  who  was  in  earnest  would  not  abuse  such  guidance 
but  could  become  acquainted  with  this  vide  range  of  unfamiliar 
work  in  the  limited  time  allotted  more  easily,  more  quickly,  and 
in  a  more  satisfactory  way  because  of  it.  Students  not  in  earnest 
would  profit  but  little  from  any  plan. 

The  books  referred  to  should  be  available  to  students  for 
examination,  if  it  is  possible.  However,  in  cases  where  some  of 
the  more  expensive  books  are  not  in  the  local  library,  much  can  be 
done  by  means  of  the  specimen  entries,  and  by  adapting  material 
which  is  available  to  the  point  to  be  illustrated.  Like  all  other 
laboratory  work,  the  best  results  can  be  obtained  only  when  each 
individual  pupil  works  out  the  problems  suggested,  or  equally 
revealing  ones  devised  either  by  himself  or  another. 

Appreciation  of  the  courtesy  of  firms  who  have  granted  the 
use  of  plates  is  herewith  gratefully  acknowledged. 


CONTENTS 

GROUP   1. 

Suggested  for 

9th    Grade,    B    Class;    or    any    convenient    Grade. 

Or  for  individual  study 
Time,    about   2   periods    of   40   minutes    each. 

A.  Parts  of  a  Book:  Title  Page;  Preface;  Introduction;  Table 
of  Contents  with  Specimen  Entry;  Simple  Index;  Indexes  to 
Sets,  with  Specimen  Entries;  Problems  on  Parts  of  a  Book. 

B.  Concordances:  Specimen  Entries;  Concordances  that  should 
be  Known;  Problems  on  the  Use  of  Concordances. 

C.  Atlases:  Specimen  Entry  from  the  Century  Atlas;  Atlases 
that  Should  be   Known;   Problems  on  the  Use  of  Atlases. 

GROUP  2. 

Suggested  for 

9th    Grade,    A    Class;    or    any    convenient    Grade. 

Or   for   individual   study. 

Time,    about    4    periods    of    40    minutes    each. 

A.  Dictionaries:  Specimen  Entries,  with  Problems  from  Funk  and 
Wagnalls  New  Standard,  and  from  Webster's  New  Interna- 
tional. 

B.  Comparative  Table  of  Arrangement  of  Material  in  Three 
Leading  Dictionaries:  Problems  on  the  Use  of  the  Three 
Dictionaries. 

C.  Growth  of  Dictionaries.  Specimen  entry  from  Murray,  New 
English  Dictionary. 

GROUP  3. 

Suggested  for 

10th    Grade,    B    Class;    or    any    convenient    Grade. 

Or   for   individual   study. 

Time,    about    3    periods    of    40    minutes    each. 

A.  Encyclopaedias:  Specimen  Entries;  Encyclopaedias  that  Should 
be  Known;  Problems  on  the  Use  of  Encyclopaedias. 

B.  Encyclopaedias  and  Dictionaries  of  Special  Subjects:  Ency- 
clopaedias and  Dictionaries  of  Special  Subjects  that  Should  be 
Known;  Problems  on  the  Use  of  Encyclopaedias  and  Diction- 
aries of  Special  Subjects. 


GROUP  4. 

Suggested  for 

10th    Grade,    A    Class;    or    any    convenient    Grade. 

Or   for   individual   stud}'. 

Time,    about    2    periods    of    40    minutes    each. 

A.  Library  Classification:  Specimen  Entry  from  Cutter,  Table  of 
Author  Marks;  Outline  of  the  Dewey  System;  Simple  Problems 
on    Library    Classification. 

B.  Card  Catalogue:  Specimen  Entry  of  the  Library  of  Congress 
Printed  Card;  Simple  Problems  on  the  Use  of  the  Card 
Catalogue. 

GROUP  5. 

Suggested  for 

11th    Grade,    B    Class;    or    any    convenient    Grade. 

Or   for   individual   study. 

Time,    about   3    periods    of    40    minutes    each. 

A.  Indexes  to  Magazine  Articles:  Specimen  Entry  from  the 
Readers'  Guide  to  Periodical  Literature;  Problems  on  the  Use 
of  the  Readers'  Guide. 

B.  Indexes  to  Magazine  Articles;  Other  than  the  Readers'  Guide: 
Problems  on  the  Use  of  Magazine  Indexes. 

C.  Debates:  Debate  Books  that  Should  be  Known;  Problems  on 
the  Use  of  Debate  Material. 

D.  Special  Day  Celebrations:  Guides  to  Special  Day  Celebra- 
tions that  Should  be  Known;  Problems  on  the  Use  of  Guides 
to  Special   Day   Celebrations. 

E.  Firms   Handling  Reproductions  of  Pictures. 

GROUP  6. 

Suggested  for 

11th    Grade,    A    Class;    or    an}'    convenient    Grade. 

Or   for   individual   study. 

Time,    about    3    periods    of    40    minutes    each. 

A.  Year-Books:  Year-Books  that  Should  be  Known;  Problems 
on  the  Use  of  Year-Books. 

B.  Current  Events:  Specimen  Entry  from  Public  Affairs  Inform- 
ation Service;  Current  Event  Guides  that  Should  be  Known; 
Problems  on  the  Use  of  Current  Event  Guides. 

C.  Historical  Dates:  Indexes  to  Historical  Dates  that  Should  be 
Known;  Problems  on  the  Use  of  Indexes  to  Historical  Dates. 


GROUP  7. 
Suggested  for 

12th    Grade,    B    Class;    or   any    convenient    Grade. 

Or   for   individual   study. 

Time,    about    3    periods    of    40    minutes    each. 

A.  Special  Indexes:  Special  Indexes  that  Should  be  Known; 
Problems  on  the  Use  of  Special  Indexes. 

B.  Book  Selection:  Specimen  Entry  from  the  Cumulative  Book 
Index;  Guides  to  Book  Selection  that  Should  be  Known; 
Problems  on  the  Use  of  Guides  to  Book  Selection. 

GROUP  8. 

Suggested  for 

12th    Grade,    A    Class;    or   any    convenient    Grade. 

Or   for   individual   study. 

Time,    about    2    periods    of    40    minutes    each. 

A.  Public  Documents:  United  States  Publications:  a  Few  Im- 
portant United  States  Government  Publications  that  Should 
be  Known;  Simple  Problems  on  the  Use  of  Certain  United 
States  Government  Publications. 

B.  Public  Documents:  State  Publications:  a  Few  Important 
State  Publications  that  Should  be  Known;  Simple  Problems  on 
the  Use  of  Certain  State  Publications. 

C.  Public  Documents:  City  Publications:  a  Few  Important  City 
Publications  that  Should  be  Known;  Simple  Problems  on  the 
Use    of    Certain    City    Publications. 

REVIEW  PROBLEMS. 

Suggested  for 

Senior  class  in  high  school; 

Or  junior  class  in  college; 

Or  for  individual  study. 

Time,  about   3  period  of  40  minutes  each. 

A.  150  Additional  Reference  Problems. 

B.  Key  to  Review   Reference  Problems. 


Reference  books  are  clearing  houses  of  knowledge. 
They  are  libraries  in  miniature,  focusing  into  a  sin- 
gle book  information  scattered  through  a  thousand 
volumes.  The  ordinary  reader  knows  but  little  of 
them,  and  realizes  but  slightly  the  great  help  they 
•would  be  to  him  in  his  daily  reading  and  daily  living. 
Kroeger:  Reference  boofe:   W.  E.  Jordan. 

I  have  long  known  how  much  books  of  reference 
fail  of  all  the  good  they  might  accomplish  simply  from 
ignorance  of  them  or  inability  to  use  them  intelligently. 
Kroeger:  Reference  books:  Justin  Winsor. 

The  ability  to  use  reference  books  repeatedly 
and  with  the  minimum  loss  of  time  is  one  of  the  chief 
evidences  of  scholarly  equipment,  and  pupils  should 
early  be  trained  in  this  most  important  part  of  their 
education.     James  Chalmers. 

Knowing  how  to  consult  books  for  information  is 
often  of  more  value  than  the  facts  themselves.  How 
to  use  books  is  of  prime  importance  in  education:  hence 
the  value  of  reference  books,  and  the  importance  of 
careful  and  systematic  training  in  their  use.  National 
Educational  jlssociation:  T^eport  for  1890. 

The  difference  between  an  educated  person  and 
one  not  educated  is,  that  the  first  one  knows  how  to 
find  what  he  wants  and  the  other  does  not.  E.  E.  Hale: 
How  to  do  it. 

The  spirit  of  self-help  is  the  root  of  all  genuine 
growth  in  the  individual;  and  exhibited  in  the  lives  of 
many,  it  constitutes  the  source  of  national  vigor  and 
health.  Help  from  without  is  often  enfeebling  in  its 
effect,  but  help  from    "within   invariably  invigorates. 

Samuel  Smiles:  Self-help. 


GROUP   1: 

A.  PARTS  OF  A  BOOK. 

B.  CONCORDANCES. 

C.  ATLASES. 

A:    PARTS  OF  A  BOOK. 

The  order,  as  adopted  by  publishers,  for  the  arrangement  of 
material  in  books  is  usually  as  follows: 

a.  Title  Page. 

b.  Copyright  date. 

c.  Preface. 

d.  Introduction. 

e.  Table  of  Contents. 

f.  List  of  Illustrations  or  Maps. 

g.  Body  of  the  work. 

h.     Appendix,  or  Commentary,  or  Special  Notes, 
i.      Index  or  Indexes. 

The  Title  Page  is  the  page  on  which  appears: 

a.  The  full  title  of  the  work. 

b.  Its  author,  editor  or  compiler,  together  with  indications  of 
any  position,  achievement  or  scholarship  which  might 
serve  to  claim  the  confidence  of  the  public. 

c.  Number  of  editions  through  which  the  work  may  have 
passed,  if  more  than  one. 

d.  The  publisher,  and  the  city  in  which  the  firm  is  located. 

e.  The  copyright  date,  on  the  back  of  the  title  page,  indicating 
when  the  subject  matter  was  prepared  or  revised. 

A  copyright  is  granted  by  the  United  States  government, 
through  the  copyright  office,  Library  of  Congress,  Washington, 
D.  C.  for  one  dollar.  It  covers  a  period  of  twenty-eight  years 
and  grants  to  the  one  owning  the  copyright  the  exclusive  privilege 
of  preparing  and  selling  the  book  for  that  length  of  time.  The 
date  below  the  publisher's  name  indicates  that  the  particular 
edition  in  hand  was  printed  in  that  year  from  the  plates  prepared 
at  the  time  of  the  last  copyright  date. 

A  Preface  is  a  presentation  of  a  book  by  the  author  himself 
to  his  reading  public.  It  enables  him  to  talk  more  familiarly  with 
his  readers  than  he  otherwise  could,  and  to  thank  any  friends  who 
may  have  aided  him  in  the  preparation  of  the  work.  In  the  preface 
he  usually  tells  what  his  aim  was  in  writing  the  book,  and  what  he 
hoped  to  accomplish  through  it.  It  is  often  a  very  valuable  part  ot 
a  book  and  generally  well  worth  reading. 


An  introduction  usually  introduces  the  reader  to  the  general 
subject  discussed.  If  the  book  is  a  work  on  American  Literature, 
for  example,  an  introduction  would  probably  give  a  brief  essay  on 
the  subject  of  American  Literature  in  general: 

The  Table  of  Contents  of  a  book  is: 

a.  A  list  of  titles  of  the  chapters  contained  in  the  book 
arranged  in  the  order  in  which  they  appear.  It  serves  as 
a  summary  of  the  subject  matter  treated  in  the  book. 

b.  If  the  book  is  a  collection  of  an  author's  poems,  the  Table 
of  Contents  sometimes  reveals  the  chronological  order  in 
which  the  poems  were  written. 

c.  If  the   book   is   a   work   on   history,   the   Table   of   Contents 

usually  gives  in   briefest   outline   the   great  movements   in 
the  history  of  the  period  of  the  country  of  which  it  treats. 

d.  Whatever  the  nature  of  the  book  is,  the  Table  of  Contents 
may  be  considered  as  bearing  the  same  relation  to  the 
complete  book  as  the  headlines  of  newspapers  do  to  the 
full  articles. 

e.  Long  articles  in  encyclopaedias  are  usually  sub-divided 
under  headings  to  indicate  the  contents. 

When  answering  the  following  questions,  by  means  of  the 
specimen  entry  from  the  contents  of  Universal  Literature,  by 
Botta,  inserted  herewith  by  the  courtesy  of  the  publishers,  try 
to  realize  the  place  and  value  of  a  Table  of  Contents  in  giving 
a  summary  of  the  subject  of  a  book: 

Has  China  produced  any  encyclopaedias?  Any  poetry? 
Any  fiction? 

What  was  the  ancient  religion  of  Persia? 

Is  the  language  of  each  nation  considered  by  this  author, 
when  studying  its  literature? 

Was  there  any  fiction  in  Egyptian  literature?     Any  science? 

To  what  nation  does  the  Sanskrit  literature  belong?  What 
were  their  leading  sacred  books?  Name  two  of  their  important 
Epics. 

Into  how  many  periods  does  this  author  separate  Greek 
literature?  In  the  first  period,  name  the  poems  of  Hesiod.  Of 
Homer.  Who  was  a  historian  in  this  period?  Who  were  the 
tragic  poets  in  the  second  period' 

10 


A  Specimen  entry  from 

Table  of  Contents  of 

Handbook  of  Universal  Literature,  by  Botta. 

(Use  of  plates  granted  by  the  courtesy  of  the  publishers, 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.) 

CONTENTS. 


PASS 

LIST   OF  AUTHORITIES xv 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  Alphabet. 

1.  The  Origin  of  Letters. — 2.  The  Phoenician  Alphabet  and  Inscriptions.  —  3.  The 
Greek  Alphabet.  Its  Three  Epochs.  —  4.  The  Mediaeval  Scripts.  The  Irish.  The 
Anglo-Saxon.     The  Roman.     The  Gothic.     The  Runic 1 

Classification  of  Languages  3 

CHINESE  LITERATURE. 

1.  Chinese  Literature.  —  2.  The  Language.  —  3.  The  Writing.  —  4.  The  Five  Classics 
and  Four  Books.  —  5.  Chinese  Religion  and  Philosophy.  Lao-tse.  Confucius. 
Meng-tse'  or  Meuciua.  —  C.  Buddhism.  —  7.  Social  Constitution  of  China.  —  8.  In- 
vention of  Printing. — 9.  Science,  History,  and  Geography.  Eucyclopiedias.  —  10. 
Poetry.  — 11.  Dramatic  Literature  and  Fiction.  —  12.  Education  in  China      .        .      7 

JAPANESE    LITERATURE. 
1.  The  Language.  —  2.  The  Religion. — 3.  The  Literature.     Influence  of  Women. — 
4.  History.  —  5.  The  Drama  and  Poetry.  —  'J.  Geography.    Newspapers.   Novels. 
Medical  Science.  —  7.  Position  of  Woman.  —  8.  Foreign  Interpreters  of  Japan    .     15 

SANSKRIT  LITERATURE. 

1.  The  Language.  —  2.  The  Social  Constitution  of  India.  Brahmanism.  —  3.  Charac- 
teristics of  the  Literature  and  its  Divisions.  —  4.  The  Vedas  and  other  Sacred 
Books.  —  5.  Sanskrit  Poetry ;  Epic  ;  the  Ramayana  and  Mahabharata.  Lyric  Po- 
etry. Didactic  Poetry  ;  the  Hitopadesa.  Dramatic  Poetry.  —  0.  History  and  Sci- 
ence.—  7.  Philosophy.  — 8.  Buddhism.  — 9.  Moral  Philosophy.  The  Code  of  Manu. 
—  10.  Modern  Literatures  of  India.  —  11.  Education.     The  Brahmo  Somaj      .         .     20 

BABYLONIAN   AND   ASSYRIAN  LITERATURE. 
1.  The  Accndians  and   Babylonians.  —  2.  The   Cuneiform   Letters. —3.  Babylonian 
and  Assyrian  Remains .35 

PHOENICIAN  LITERATURE. 
The  Language.  —  The  Remains 37 


SYRIAC   LITERATURE. 
The  Language.  —  Influence  of  the  Literature  in  the  Eighth  and  Ninth  Century 

PERSIAN   LITERATURE. 
1.  The  Persian  Language  and  its  Divisions.  —  2.  Zendic  Literature  :  the  Zendavesta. 
—  3.  Pehlvi  and  Parsee  Literatures.  —  4.  The  Ancient  Religion  of  Persia;  Zoro- 


11 


viii  CONTENTS. 

aster. — 5.  Modern  Literature.  —  6.  The  Sufis. — 7.  Persian  Poetry. — «  Tsraiau 
Poets ;  Ferdusi ;  Essedi  of  Tub  ;  Togray,  etc.  —  9.  History  and  Philosophy.  — 10. 
Education  in  Persia 39 

HEBREW  LITERATURE. 
I.  Hebrew  Literature ;  its  Divisions.  —  2.  The  Language  ;  its  Alphabet ;  its  Struc- 
ture ;  Peculiarities,  Formation,  and  Phases.  —  3.  The  Old  Testament.  —  4.  Hebrew- 
Education.  —  5.  Fundamental  Idea  of  Hebrew  Literature.  —  6.  Hebrew  Poetry.  — 
7.  Lyric  Poetry  ;  Songs  ;  the  Psalms  ;  the  Prophets.  —  8.  Pastoral  Poetry  and  Di- 
dactic Poetry  ;  the  Proverbs  and  Ecclesiastes.  —  9.  Epic  and  Dramatic  Poetry  ,  the 
Book  of  Job.  —  10.  Hebrew  History  ;  the  Pentateuch  and  other  Historical  Books. 
— 11.  Hebrew  Philosophy.  — 12.  Restoration  of  the  Sacred  Books. —  13.  Manu- 
scripts and  Translations.  —  14.  Rabbinical  Literature.  —  15.  The  New  Revision  of 
the  Bible,  and  the  New  Biblical  Manuscript       ...  .  •    49 

EGYPTIAN    LITERATURE. 
1.   The  Language. — 2.  The  Writing  — 3.  The  Literature. — 4    The  Monuments. — 
5.  The  Discovery  of  Champollion.  —  6    Literary  Remains  ;  Historical  ;  Religious  ; 
Epistolary  ;  Fictitious  ;  Scientific  ;  Epic  ;  Satirical  and  Judicial.  —  7.  The  Alexan- 
drian Period. —  8.  The  Literary  Condition  of  Modern  Egypt GO 

GREEK   LITERATURE. 

Introduction.  —  1.  Greek  Literature  and  its  Divisions.  —  2.  The  Language.  —  3.  The 
Religion G7 

Period  First.  —  1.  Ante-Homeric  Songs  and  Bards.  —  2.  Poems  of  Homer ;  the  Iliad  ; 
the  Odyssey. — 3.  The  Cyclic  Poets  and  the  Homeric  Hymns. — 4.  Poems  of  He- 
siod  ;  the  Works  and  Days ;  the  Theogony.  —  5.  Elegy  and  Epigram  ;  Tyrtaeus ; 
Archilochus  ;  Simonides.  —  G.  Iambic  Poetry,  the  Fable,  and  Parody  :  -lEsop.  —  7. 
Greek  Music  and  Lyric  Poetry  ;  Terpander.  —  8.  Mo\iv  Lyric  Poets  ;  Alcaeus ;  Sap- 
pho ;  Anacreon  —  9.  Doric,  or  Choral  Lyric  Poets  ;  Alcinan  ;  Stesichorus  ;  Pindar. 
— 10.  The  Orphic  Doctrines  and  Poems. — 11.  Pre-Socratic  Philosophy;  Ionian, 
Eleatic,  Pythagorean  Schools.  —  12.  History  ;   Herodotus 72 

Period  Second. —  1.  Literary  Predominance  of  Athens.  —  2.  Greek  Drama.  — 3.  Trag- 
edy.-—  4  The  Tragic  Poets  ;  .^ischylus  ;  Sophocles:  Euripides.  —  5.  Comedy  ;  Aris- 
tophanes ;  Menander. —  G.  Oratory,  Rhetoric,  and  History  ;  Pericles  ;  the  Sophists  ; 
Lysias  ;  Isocrates  ;  Demosthenes;  Thucydides;  Xenophon. — 7  Socrates  and  the 
Socratic  Schools ;  Plato  :  Aristotle       ..........     9C 

Period  Third.  —  1.  Origin  of  the  Alexandrian  Literature.  —  2.  The  Alexandrian 
Poets:  l'hiletas  :  Callimachus  ;  Theocritus;  Bion  :  Moschus. — 3.  The  Prose  Writ- 
ers of  Alexandria  ;  Zenodotus  ;  Aristophanes  ;  Aristarchus  ;  Eratosthenes  ;  Euclid  ; 
Archimedes. — 4.  Philosophy  of  Alexandria;  Neo-Platonism. — 5.  Anti-Neo-Pla- 
tonic  Tendencies  ;  Epictetus  :  Lucian  ;  Longinus.  — 6.  Greek  Literature  in  Rome  ; 
Dionysius  of  Halicaruassus  ;  Flavius  Josephus  ;  Polybius  ;  Diodorus  :  Strabo  :  Plu- 
tarch.—  7.  Continued  Decline  of  Greek  Literature. — 8.  Last  Echoes  of  the  Old 
Literature  ;  Hypatia  :  Nonnus  ;  Musaeus  ;  Byzantine  Literature.  —  9  The  New  Tes- 
tament and  the  Greek  Fathers.  Modem  Literature  ;  the  Brothers  Sautsos  and  Al- 
exander Rangabe\     Bacchylides 107 

ROMAN   LITERATURE. 

Introduction.  —  1.  Roman  Literature  and  its  Divisions. — 2.  The  Language  ;  Ethno- 
graphical Elements  of  the  Latin  Language  ;  the  Umbrian  ;  Oscan  ;  Etruscan  ;  the 
Ol !  Roman  Tongue  ;  Saturnian  Verse  ;  Peculiarities  of  the  Latin  Language.  —  3. 
The  Roman  Religion 121 

Period  First.  —  1  Early  Literature  of  the  Romans  :  the  Fescennine  Son^s  ;  the  Fab- 
ul.>-  Atellanx-.  —  2  Early  Latin  Poets  :  Livius  Andronicus,  N:evius,  and  Ennius.  — 
3.  Roman  Comedy.  —  4.  Comic  Poets  ;  Plautus,  Terence,  and  Statius.  —  5.  Roman 
Tragedy.  —  6.  Tragic  Poets ;  Pacuviua  and  Attiua.  —  7.  Satire  ;  Lucilius.  —  8.  His- 

12 


Illustrations  and  Maps  are  arranged  in  the  order  in  which  they 
appear  in  the  book.  Very  seldom  is  an  alphabetical  arrangement 
of  illustrations  given,  though  such  an  arrangement  might  often  be 
very  desirable. 

The  body  of  the  work  may  consist  of  few  or  of  many  pages, 
or  of  one  volume,  or  more,  according  to  the  plan  of  the  author  or 
the  publisher. 

The  Appendix,  or  the  Special  Notes,  or  the  Commentary,  con- 
sists of  material  desirable  for  explanation  or  enlargement  of  the 
subject  matter  of  the  book  itself,  but  which  does  not  properly 
belong  in  the  body  of  the  work. 

The  index  is: 

a.  An  alphabetical  arrangement  of  the  topics  contained  in  the 
book;  together  with  references  to  the  pages  on  which  they 
are  discussed. 

b.  Usually  at  the  back  of  the  work,  rarely  at  the  front. 

c.  Usually  at  the  back  of  the  last  volume,  if  the  work  is  in 
more   than  one  volume. 

d.  More  than  one  index  is  sometimes  desirable.  In  collections 
of  poems,  especially,  several  indexes  are  found:  one  of  the 
titles;  another  of  first  lines;  another  of  authors.  Usually 
these  indexes  follow  each  other  at  the  back  of  the  book, 
though  sometimes  one  or  more  will  be  at  the  front  and 
the  others  at   the   back. 

e.  When  consulting  an  index  of  first  lines,  care  must  be  taken 
to  remember  exactly  the  first  word  of  the  line,  even  though 
that  word  be  "The,"  or  "A,"  or  "An,"  for  the  alphabetical 
arrangement  of  first  lines  is  always  made  with  reference 
to  the  first  word.  The  alphabetical  arrangement  of  a  Title 
Index   disregards  the   article. 

f.  Indexes  differ  greatly  in  their  completeness  and  in  their 
arrangement.  The  abbreviations  used  in  them,  and  an 
appreciation  of  their  indispensable  value  is  essential  to 
reference  work. 

g.  If  an  index  has  any  feature  or  abbreviation  of  its  own,  not 
common  to  all  indexes,  look  for  a  note  of  explanation  at 
the  beginning  of  the   index. 

13 


The  following  specimen  entries,  taken  directly  from  the  works 
as  indicated,  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  main  points.  If  possible, 
consult  these  books;  if  they  are  not  available,  consult  any  other 
books  well  indexed.  The  illustrations  are  given  here  simply  to 
facilitate  explanation. 

A  specimen  entry  under  Emerson 

from  the  index  at  the  back  of 

Introduction  to  American  Literature  by  Pancoast. 

Notice  that  Emerson  is  mentioned  many  times  in  the  book, 
but  important  pages  are  indicated  by  a  dash  between  them;  un- 
important pages  are  separated  by  commas. 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  7,  11, 
143,  151,  156,  160,  162,  164- 
178,  202,  214,  240-242,  285, 
297;  compared,  66,  180,  185, 
190,  198,  199,  211,  218,  219, 
252,  264,  316;  quoted,  199, 
204;     Life:  (Cabot)  177, 
(Garnett)    177,    (Grimm)    177, 
(Holmes)    177.  Study  List, 
177,    178 

Between  what  pages  do  dashes  appear?  Which  of  these  pairs 
includes  the  largest  number  of  pages?  On  what  page,  therefore, 
does  the  longest  continued  account  of  Emerson's  life  begin?  To 
use  this  index  to  the  best  advantage  for  finding  a  life  of  Emerson 
one  should  turn  directly  to  which  page?  Name  each  one  men- 
tioned who  has  written  a  life  of  Emerson.  On  which  pages  is  a 
study  list  given?     Name  several  unimportant  pages. 


14 


A  specimen  entry  under  "Dickens"  from  the  index  at 

the  back  of  the  last  or  the  third  volume  of 

Life  of  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow  by  Samuel  Longfellow. 

Notice — 

1.  The  number  of  the  volume  is  not  repeated  every  time  refer- 
ence is  made  to  it:  the  eye  must  be  careful  and  accurate  in  deter- 
mining which  volume  is  designated.  References  to  volume  1  come 
first;  to  volume  2,  next;  and  to  volume  3,  last. 

2.  Longfellow's  name  is  not  given  in  full  but  is  abbreviated 
by  L. 

3.  Dickens'  name  is  not  mentioned,  but  is  understood,  usually 
after  the  word  "of": 

Dickens,  Charles;  L.  entertains,  i. 
279;  popularity  of,  340;  second 
visit  of,  414;  play  in  New  York 
ridiculing  the  reception  of,  420; 
letters  to  L.  from,  438,  451;  L. 
comments  on  the  "American 
Notes"  of,  440;  visit  of  L.  to,  in 
London,  416,  440;  L.  describes  house  hold  and 

friends  of,  ii.  9;  

third  visit  of,  to  Amer- 
ica, iii,  100;  L.  entertains,  100; 
first  reading  of,  100;  L.  on  the 
readings   of,   101,   102;   writes  to 
L.  on  his  birthday,  104;  L.  visits, 
at  Gad's  Hill,  114,  119. 

Give  the  volume  and  pages'  for: 

a.  Longfellow  entertains  Dickens.     (Find  reference  in  volume 
I  and  also  in  volume  III.) 

b.  Popularity  of  Dickens. 

c.  Letters  to  Longfellow  from  Dickens. 

d.  Visit  of  Longfellow  to  Dickens  both  at  London  and  Gad's 

Hill. 


15 


A  specimen  entry  under  "Washington"  from  the  index  at  the 

back  of  the  last  or  the  eighth  volume  of 

England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  by  Lecky. 

Notice — 

1.  That  the  volume  is  not  repeated  every  time  reference  is 
made  to  it;  the  eye  must  be  careful  and  accurate  in  determining 
which  volume  is  designated.  References  to  volume  2  come  first;  to 
volume  3,  second,  etc.;  the  pages  in  each  volume  appearing  in 
numerical  sub-order. 

2.  Instead  of  repeating  the  volume  and  the  page  when  two 
references  are  the  same,  the  abbreviation  "ib."  is  used,  which  means 
the  same  as  the  last  mentioned. 

3.  Instead  of  indicating  prominent  pages  by  a  dash,  the 
abbreviation  "sq.,"  which  is  an  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  word, 
"sequens,"  is  used,  (sometimes  "seq."  or  sqq.'-)  meaning  "the 
following."  (Some  indexes  use  "f"  or  "ff"  for  following.  An 
asterisk  [*]  is  frequently  used  to  indicate  prominent  pages;  so 
also  is  heavy  type.) 

Washington,    George:    first   appearance 
of  his  name,  ii.  483;   made   Com- 
mander-in-Chief, iii.  466;   sketch  of 
his  life;  in  New  York  (1776),  iv.  1;  retreat 
from  New  York,  ib.;  insubordi- 
nation of  his  troops,  6;  disband- 
ment,  18;  retreat  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, 21;   continued   complaints 
about  his  men,  ib.;  defeats  Germans 

at  Trenton,  28;  complaints  of 

disaffection  and  apathy,  61;  cabal 
of  generals  against  him,  102;  ad- 
vocates half  pay  for  officers,  ib.; 

execution  of  Andre,  154  sq. ;  on  Am- 
erican financial  straits,   163; 

Offered  a  crown 

by  army,  269;  recalled  to  the  head  of 
the  army  in  1798,  viii.  125 

Give  the  volume  and  pages  referred  to  for: 

a.  "Continued   complaints   about   his   men."     What   does   "ib" 
mean? 

b.  "Execution  of  Andre."     What  does  "sq."  mean? 

c.  "Offered  a  crown  by  army." 

16 


A  specimen  entry  under  "Books"  from  the  index  at 

the  back  of  the  last  or  the  fiftieth  volume  of 

Harvard  Classics — (Dr.  Eliot's  Five-foot  shelf). 

Notice — 

1.  The  volume  is  not  repeated  every  time  reference  is  made  to 
it:  the  eye  must  be  careful  and  accurate  in  determining  which 
volume  is  designated. 

2.  The  references  are  sub-arranged  alphabetically  in  this 
index;  that  is,  a  reference  to  what  "Confucius"  says  about  "Books" 
is  under  C,  what  "Locke"  says,  under  L,  etc. 

3.  A  dash  indicates  the  number  of  pages  included  in  the 
reference. 

Books,   Bacon   on,   Hi,   58;    Browne 
on,  285-6,  289;  Carlyle  on 
xxv,  379,  381,  389-90;  Censorship 
of  (see  Censorship);  Channing  on, 
xxviii,  349-51;  Confucius  on,  xliv, 
10  (9);   Ecclesiastes  on,  354  (12); 
Emerson  on,  v,  8-12,  97,  122,  183-4; 
Epictetus  on,  ii,  170  (145); 
Goethe  on,  xix,  28,  45-6;  Heminge 
on  fate  of.  xxxix,  155;  Hobhes 
on.  xxxiv,  339-40;  Hume  on  use 
of,  xxxvii,  395  (9);  Locke  on  for 
children,   140-3;   Milton  on,  iii 
202-3,  210-12,  214;  Newman  on 
education  by,  xxviii,  31-8;  Pascal 
on,  xlviii,  123,  note  9,  417;  Pliny 
on,  ix,  244;  prefaces  of,  xxxix,  3; 
Rousseau  on,  xxxiv,  303-4;   Rus- 
kin  on,  xxviH,  99-117,   120-1, 
130-1,  141;  Ruskin  on  for  girls, 
155-7:   tested  by  durability,  xxxix. 
218-19;  transcripts  of  their  times, 
433-40.  460-1    (see  also  Read- 
ing). 
Give  the  volume  and  pages  referred  to  for: 

a.  Ruskin  on  books  for  girls.     (Find  R,  in  sub-order.) 

b.  Locke  on  books  for  children. 

c.  Under    what     word     in     the     index    would     references     for 
"censorship"  of  books  be  given? 

d.  The  last  entry  of  the  index  refers  to  what  other  word  for 
further  references? 

17 


A  specimen  entry  from  the  index  at  the 
back  of  the  last  or  second  volume  of 
Life  of  Washington,  by  Lodge. 

(Use  of  plates  granted  by  the  courtesy  of  the  publishers, 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.) 


394 


INDEX. 


Pinckney,  Thomas,  special  mission  to 

Spain,  ii.  163  ft. 
Princeton,  battle  of,  i.  177. 
"  Protection,"  Washington's  views  on, 

ii.  110-119. 

Randolph,  Edmund,  made  attorney- 
general,  character  of,  ii.  G3 ;  drafts 
neutrality  proclamation,  145  ;  hesi- 
tation with  Genet,  151  ;  argument 
on  relations  with  France,  167  ;  suc- 
ceeds Jefferson,  181,  241;  letter 
from  Fauchet  to  be  placed  in  hands 
of  President,  193  ;  receives  Fauchet 
letter  and  resigns,  197 ;  Mr.  Con- 
way's views  of  Washington's  treat- 
ment of.  198  ;  defence,  199  ;  attacks 
Washington,  200. 

Rahl,  Colonel,  death  at  Trenton,  i. 
176. 

Randolph,  John,  on  Virginian  societv, 
i.  15. 

Rutledge,  John,  rejected  by  Senate,  ii. 
62 ;  judge,  71. 

Sandwich,  Lord,  declaration  as  to 
Yankees,  i.  151. 

Saratoga,  battle  of,  197. 

Savage,  portrait  of  Washington,  i.  13. 

Savannah,  attack  upon,  i.  240. 

Schuyler,  Philip,  accompanies  Wash- 
ington from  Philadelphia  to  New- 
York,  i.  133  ;  in  command  of  north- 
ern department,  199 ;  devotion  to 
Washington's  ideas,  201  ;  removed 
from  command,  203  ;  value  of  ser- 
vices of,  204 ;  would  not  have  per- 
mitted conditional  surrender  at  Sar- 
atoga, 205. 

Shays  insurrection,  ii.  26. 

Shirlev,  Governor,  Washington's  visit 
to,  i.  88,  94. 

Short,  William,  sent  as  commissioner 
to  Spain,  ii.  163. 

Slavery,  Washington's  views  upon,  i. 
101. 

Sparks,  Jared,  treatment  of  Washing- 
ton's letters,  ii.  332,  333. 

St.  Clair,  Arthur,  campaign  against 
Indians,  and  defeat,  ii.  93,  94;  Wash- 
ington's treatment  of,  97. 

Steuben,  Baron,  rightly  valued  by 
Washington,  i.  187  ;  inspector-gen- 
eral, 225  ;  desires  to  quit  inspector- 
ship, 242  ;  special  envoy  to  get  sur- 
render of  western  posts,  335. 

Stirling,  Lord,  taken  prisoner  at  Long 
Island,  i.  161. 

Stony  Point,  capture  of,  i.  261. 

Stuart,  Gilbert,  portrait  of  Washing- 
ton, i.  13 ;  description  by,  of  Wash- 
ington, 55. 

Sullivan,  John,  at  Trenton,  i.  175;  at 
the  Brandywine,  192,  193 ;  at  New- 


port, 236,  237  ;  sent  against  Indians, 

259. 
Supreme   Court,  appointed  by  Wash- 
ington, ii.  71. 

Talleyrand,  report  on  death  of  Wash- 
ington, i.  1  (note)  ;  remark  upon 
Hamilton,  ii.  137  ;  Washington's 
treatment  of,  ii.  249. 

Thackeray,  W.  M..  description  of 
Washington's  resignation  of  his 
commission,  i.  340. 

Thatcher,  Dr.,  description  of  Wash- 
ington, i   134. 

Thomson,  Charles,  Washington's  com- 
pliment to,  ii.  345. 

Trenton,  battle  of,  i.  175 ;  strategic 
and  political  value  of  battle  of,  178. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan,  Washington's 
friendship  for,  ii.  358. 

Tryon,  Gov.,  intrigues  of,  i.  154  ;  raids 
in  Connecticut,  262. 

Valley  Forge,  wintering  the  army 
at,  i.  221  ft'. 

Van  Braam,  Jacob,  i.  63  ;  goes  with 
Washington  to  France,  64. 

Virginia,  contrast  of  society  of,  in  1732 
and  now,  i.  16;  population,  17; 
towns,  18  ;  travel  and  travellers,  19 ; 
slaves  and  poor  whites,  20  ;  middle 
class  and  great  planters,  21  ;  occu- 
pations of  planters,  22;  education, 
23  ;  habits  and  life  of  planters,  24 ; 
luxury  and  apparent  wealth.  25  ;  in- 
terests and  amusements,  26,  27  ;  lib- 
erty-loving and  aristocratic  spirit 
ill,  28;  thanks  of,  to  Washington 
|  after  his  first  campaign,  77  ;  British 
campaipn  in,  295,  298  ;  free  trade 
in,  ii.  114  ;  nullification  resolutions, 
261  ;  aristocracy  of,  310. 

Washington,  Augustine,  father  of 
George,  i.  37  ;  death  of,  38  ;  char- 
acter, 45. 

Washington,  George,  honors  to  his 
memory  in  France  and  England,  i. 
1-3  ;  in  the  United  States,  4  ;  gen- 
eral admission  of  his  greatness.  6 ; 
tributes  from  distant  countries,  6; 
"  an  unknown  man,"  7  ;  minuteness 
of  existing  knowledge,  8 ;  a  myth- 
ical character,  9  ;  the  Weems  myth, 
10  ;  other  myths.  11  ;  no  new  Wash- 
:  ington,  12  ;  all  not  told,  portraits  of 
Stuart  and  Savage,  13  ;  a  silent  man, 
14,  67,  68:  pedigree,  29,  32  ;  birth- 
place, 37  ;  character  of  mother  of, 
39 ;  early  stories  about,  43  ;  their 
character,  falsity,  and  origin,  44, 45  ; 
early  teachers,  46 ;  plan  for  his  go- 
ing to  sea,  studies  to  be  a  surveyor, 
49 ;  rulea  of  behavior  in  his  diary, 


IS 


Notice  that  even  a  note  is  indexed,  under  Talleyrand.     (Give 
volume  and  page.) 

Give  volume  and  page  for  each  of  the  following: 
Edmund  Randolph's  succession  to  Jefferson. 
Philip  Schuyler's  devotion  to  Washington's  ideas. 
Wintering  the  army  at  Valley  Forge,    ff.  means  "following." 
Gilbert    Stuart's    portrait    of    Washington.      (Under    both 

Washington  and  Stuart.) 
Habits  and  Life  of  Planters  in  Virginia. 


A  specimen  entry  under  "Dana"  from  the  index  at 

the  back  of  the  last  or  the  second  volume  of 

Life  of  William  Cullen  Bryant  by  Park  Godwin. 

Notice  that  there  is  no  indication  of  what  the  prominent  pages 
are,  nor  of  the  kind  of  information  given.  Is  this  a  good  or  a  poor 
index? 

Dana,  Richard  T.,  i,  104,  150,  151,  165, 
166,  173,  175,  185,  191,  194,  196,  213, 
215,  220,  222,  226,  229,  233,  234,  236, 
241,  275,  276,  284,  294,  298,  356,  376, 
381,  382,  390,  399,  407;  ii,  14,  15,  16, 
17,  35,  36,  51,  52,  77,  94,  124,  126, 
136,  137,  187,  191,  218,  231,  248,  249, 
252,  265,  273,  275,  277,  287,  300, 
336,  337,  397. 

Name  the  first  page  and  the  last  page  referred  to  for  volume 
i,  and  the  same  for  volume  ii.  Are  the  pages  in  numerical  order, 
in  the  respective  volumes? 


19 


PROBLEMS  ON  PARTS  OF  A  BOOK. 

Examine  one  or  two  text-books,  or  any  convenient  books,  or 
sets  of  books  in  several  volumes,  and  answer  the  following: 

1.  What  is  the  full  title  of  the  work? 

2.  Give  the  full  name,  if  indicated,  of  the  author,  the  editor, 
or  the  compiler;  together  with  position,  or  degrees,  or  both.  If 
more  than  one  author,  name  each. 

3.  a.     What  firm  publishes  the  work? 

b.  Where  is  the  publisher  located? 

c.  What  is  the  last  copyright  date?  Who  owns  it?  If 
there  is  a  date  under  the  publisher's  name,  does  it  differ  from  the 
copyright  date?  For  how  many  3'ears  does  a  copyright  protect 
its  owner?  How  much  does  it  cost?  Through  what  office  is  it 
secured? 

4.  Is  the  work  dedicated  or  inscribed  to  any  one?  Is  there  a 
preface?  If  so,  how  many  pages?  Without  reading  the  preface 
name  any  special  features,  such  as  acknowledgements,  for  example. 
Is  the  preface  signed?  If  so,  are  initials  used,  or  is  the  name  given 
in  full?     Is  it  dated? 

5.  Is  there  a  special  introduction  to  the  work,  aside  from 
the  preface? 

6.  Does  the  Table  of  Contents  give,  in  large  general  headings, 
an  outline  of  the  subject  treated? 

7.  Has  the  work: 

a.  More  than  one  volume?  If  so,  how  many?  If  the 
volumes  are  arranged  alphabetically,  give  the  letters 
for  volume  1. 

b.  Illustrations   ?  Maps   ?  Plates  or  Tables? 

c.  An  Appendix?     Special  notes?     Commentary? 

d.  One  or  more  indexes?  If  more  than  one  index,  how 
arranged?     Describe   the   index   arrangement   carefully. 

e.  Number  of  pages,  if  in  one  volume. 

8.  Name  any  special  features  not  called  for  in  the  above. 

9.  What  do  the  following  mean:  Ibid,  or  ib.;  sq.  (seq.  or  sqq.)  ; 
f.  or  ff.;  dash  between  pages?  Sometimes  the  word  "passirrY  is  used 
in  an  index  which  means  scattered  here  and  there. 

10.  Name  several  ways  for  sub-arranging  references  in 
indexes  of  sets. 

11.  James  Russell  Lowell's  poem  entitled  the  "Present  crisis,'' 
and  beginning,  ''When  a  deed  is  done  for  Freedom,"  is  included  in 
a  number  of  collections  of  poems.  Under  what  three  indexes  is  it 
probably  placed,  and  under  what  letter  in  each? 

20 


12.  Consult,  if  available,  Gayley's  Classic  myths  in  English 
literature  and  name: 

a.  The  different  indexes. 

b.  A   poem   by   Matthew   Arnold   pertaining  to   the   myth    of 
Balder. 

c.  A  piece  of  sculpture  with  Penelope  as  the  subject.     ("C," 

or  "Com.,"  in  the  index  refers  to  notes  in  the  commentary.) 

d.  Consult  the  contents  and  notice  the  headings.     Name  the 
subjects  for  chapters  1,  5,  11,  25,  27. 

e.  How  many  illustrations  does  the  book  contain?     In  what 
order  is  the  list  given? 

13.  If  an  index  has  some  special  abbreviations  or  features  of 
its  own,  as  for  example,  the  Gazetteer  in  Webster's  Dictionary, 
where  are  they  usually  explained? 

14.  In  the  specimen  entry  of  the  Table  of  Contents  for  Botta, 
Universal  literature,  what  page  is  referred  to  for  Chinese  literature? 
For  Japanese  literature?  What  pages  are  therefore  devoted  to 
Chinese  literature?  Would  education  in  China  be  near  page  7  or 
page  14? 

15.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  and  form  one  or  two 
individual  reference  problems. 


21 


GROUP    1: 

A.  PARTS   OF   A   BOOK. 

B.  CONCORDANCES. 

C.  ATLASES. 

B:     CONCORDANCES. 

A  Concordance  is  an  alphabetical  index  of  all  the  significant 
words  used  in  the  work  so  treated,  and  indicates  where  each  word 
may  be  found. 

A  Concordance  to  Shakespeare,  for  instance,  indexes  in  one 
alphabetical  order,  the  significant  words  in  all  of  his  plays,  and 
indicates  in  which  play,  act,  and  scene  such  words  may  be  found. 
For  example,  to  find  in  which  of  his  plays  appears  the  song 
containing: 

"Hark!     Hark!     the  lark  at  heaven's  gate  sings," 
look  in  a  Shakespeare  concordance  for  one  of  the  prominent  words, 
such  as   "lark,"   "gate,"   "hark,"  as   if   it   were   a  word   in   the   dic- 
tionary. 

Below  are  given  a  few  of  the  entries  under  the  word  "lark" 
from  Clarke's  Concordance.  Notice  that  the  sub-arrangement  is 
by  plays,  and  that  the  titles  of  some  of  the  plays  are  abbreviated. 
Phrases  in  connection  with  the  word  "lark"  easily  indicate  which 
reference  is  the  one  desired.  In  what  play,  act,  and  scene  does 
the  song  come?  In  what  play,  act,  and  scene  does  the  last  phrase 
given  in  the  specimen  entry  come?  Where  is  the  first  phrase  to 
be  found? 

Specimen  entry  from  Clarke's  Concordance  to  Shakespeare. 

LARK — more  tuneable  than  lark Mid.  N.  Dr.  i.  1. 

the  finch,  the  sparrow  and  the  lark iii,  1   (song) 

I  do  hear  the  morning  lark iv.  1. 

doth  sing  as  sweetly  as  the  lark Mer.  of  Venice,  v.  1. 

from  the  rising  of  the  lark  to Henry  v,  iii.  7. 

stir  with  the  lark  to-morrow Richard  iii.  v.  3. 

the  lark  at  heaven's  gate Cymbeline,  ii.  3.   (Song). 

nightingale,  and  not  the  lark Romeo  and  Juliet,  iii.  5. 

it  was  the  lark,  the  herald  of  the  morn iii.  5. 

Many  excellent  collections  of  quotations  from  different  authors 
have  been  published.  Hoyt,  Cyclopaedia  of  quotations,  and  Bartlett, 
Familiar  quotations,  are  among  the  best  of  these.  To  find  the 
author  of  the  common  saying: 

"An  honest  man's  the  noblest  work  of  God," 
consult  the  index  in  one  of  these  collections  under  any  prominent 
word,   such   as   "honest"   or   "noblest."     Below   is   given   the   entry 

22 


under  "Noblest"  in  the  concordance  at  the  back  of  Hoyt.  Notice 
that  the  first  word  in  each  line  in  this  entry  is  in  alphabetical  order 
as  shown  by  "envy,"  "her,"  nature,"  etc. 

On  what  page  will  the  desired  quotation  be  found?  (The 
"u"  indicates  the  sub-location  of  the  quotation  on  the  page.) 

Noblest — earth's  n.  thingft 657.  i 

envy  assails  the  noblest 694.  e 

her  n.  work  she  classes 645.  w 

nature  framed  for  n.  things 387  n 

n.  character  is  stained 729.  i 

n.  Roman  of  them  all* 418.  1 

noblest  work  of  Godf 371.  u 

the  noblest  mind  the  best 112.  h 

the  two  noblest  of  things 418.  m 

The  author  and  the^  exact  citation  of  the  quotation, 

"This  was  the  most  unkindest  cut  of  all," 
could  be  found  by  consulting  Hoyt's  Cyclopaedia  of  quotations,  or 
Bartlett's  Familiar  quotations,  or  a  Shakespeare  Concordance,  us- 
ing the  index  under  either  "unkindest"  or  "cut."     Under  "cut,"  in 
Bartlett,  the  index  gives  the  following: 
Cut  and  came  again,  444. 

beard  of  formal,  69. 

him  out  in  little  stars,  107. 

is  the  branch,  41. 

loaf,  to  steal  a  shive  of  a,  104. 

most  unkindest  of  all,  113. 

take  the  short,  753. 

Is  there  any  sub-alphabetical  arrangement  with  reference  to 
secondary  words? 

To  what  page  is  reference  made  for  the  desired  quotation? 

A  part  of  page  113,  of  Bartlett's  Quotations,  is  given  herewith. 
Notice  that  the  author's  name  is  printed  but  once,  and  that  it 
appears  at  the  top  of  the  page.  All  quotations  on  this  page  are 
from  Sharespeare,  and  are  in  the  play  of  Julius  Caesar.  The  name 
of  the  play  is  printed  but  once.  The  abbreviation  "ibid"  comes 
from  ibidem,  which  means  in  the  same  place  as  the  preceding  and 
indicates  that  the  quotation  is  found  in  exactly  the  same  act  and 
scene  as  the  one  directly  above  it. 

Consult  the  specimen  entry  of  page  113  and  tell: 

a.  In  which  act  and  scene  and  play  the  desired  quotation 
comes. 

23 


b.     In   which   act  and   scene   and  play   appears   the   quotation, 
"Thou  art  the  ruins  of  the  noblest  man  that  ever  lived." 

Specimen  entry  from  page   113  of 
Bartlett.  Familiar  quotations: 

SHAKESPEARE. 

Though  last,  not  least  in  love.  Julius  Caesar.    Act  III.  Sc.  1. 

Thou  art  the  ruins  of  the  noblest  man 

That  ever  lived  in  the  tide  of  times.  Ibid. 

Romans,  countrymen,  and  lovers!     Hear  me  for  my 

cause,  and  be  silent  that  ye  may  hear.  Sc.  2. 

Not  that  I  loved  Caesar  less,  but  that  I  loved  Rome 

more.  Ibid. 

For  Brutus  is  an  honorable  man; 

So  are  they  all,  all  honorable  men.  Ibid. 

O  judgment!  thou  are  fled  to  brutish  beasts, 

And  men  have  lost  their  reason.  Ibid. 

This  was  the  most  unkindest  cut  of  all.  Ibid. 


CONCORDANCES  THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort 
to  keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one,  as 
a  fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  good  books,  that  are  available, 
and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.  Bible. 

a.  Cruden.      Concordance    to    the    Holy    Scriptures.      N.     Y. 
Dodd.    $1.00. 

b.  Many  other  concordances  to  the  Bible,   such  as: 

1.  Strong  or  Young,  which  are  very  exhaustive. 

2.  Oxford  Teachers'  Bible.     (Brief.) 

c.  Bible   concordances   index  under   important  words;   usually 
sub-arranged  under  book,  chapter  and  verse. 

2.  General. 

a.     Bartlett,  John.     Familiar   quotations.      N.   Y.     Little,    Brown 
&  Co.     $3.00. 
1.      A  collection  of  passages,  phrases  and  proverbs  traced 

to    their    source    in    ancient    and    modern     literature; 

includes  some   Biblical   quotations. 

24 


2.  Indexed  by  important  words  at  the  back;  sub-arranged 
alphabetically,  with  reference  to  the  word  of  secondary 
importance. 

3.  Author    index    at    the    front;    quotations    arranged    by 
author.     No  subject  arrangement  given. 

b.  Hoyt,  J.  K.  Cyclopaedia  of  practical  quotations.  N.  Y. 
Funk  and  Wagnalls.     $6.00. 

1.  Quotations  from  the  English,  Latin  and  modern  foreign 
languages.    Quotations  from  the  Bible  are  not  included. 

2.  a.     Indexed    by    important    words    at    the    back;    sub- 

arranged  alphabetically  with  reference  to  words  of 
secondary  importance, 
b.     Letter  indicates   the  position   of  the   quotation   on 
the  page  referred  to;  prominent  authors  indicated 
by  special  signs,  see  note  preceding  index. 

3.  Quotations  arranged  by  subject.  Subject  index  at  the 
front. 

4.  Author  index  at  the  back. 

c.  Walsh,  Wm.  S.  Prose  and  poetical  quotations  from  the 
literature  of  the  world.     Phil.    Winston  Co.    $3.00. 

1.  Quotations  arranged  by  subject;  subject  index  at  the 
front. 

2.  Authors  indexed  at  the  front. 

3.  Full  concordance  at  the  back  under  important  words. 

Shakespeare. 

a.  Bartlett,  John.  Complete  concordance  to  the  dramatic 
works  of  Shakespeare.     N.  Y.     Macmillan.     $7.50. 

b.  Mary  Cowden  Clarke.  Concordance  to  Shakespeare.  N.  Y. 
Scribner  &  Co. 

c.  Each  of  these  concordances  is  a  verbal  index  to  the  works 
of  Shakespeare.  Arranged  under  important  words;  sub- 
arranged  under  plays. 

Bryant,  William  Cullen,  editor.     A  new  library  of  poetry  and 
song. 

a.  A  standard  collection  of  short  popular  poems  from  differ- 
ent authors. 

b.  The  analytical  index  of  quotations  at  the  back  of  late 
editions  forms  a  kind  of  concordance. 


5.  Special.  Concordances  are  prepared  for  the  works  of  individual 
authors  of  prominence,  such  as: 

a.  Milton. 

b.  Shelly. 

c.  Wordsworth. 

d.  Tennyson. 

e.  Dante. 

6.  Dictionaries.  If  a  quotation  contains  a  peculiar  word,  it  can 
sometimes  be  traced  by  looking  for  the  word  in  one  of  the  large 
dictionaries.  The  Standard,  the  Century  and  the  Murray 
dictionaries  indicate  the  author,  work  and  part  of  work  for  any 
quotation  cited.     Webster  gives  only  the  author. 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  CONCORDANCES. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  conven- 
ient, use  them  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving  the 
date  or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a  guide,  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  What  does  the  word  "concordance"  mean?  What  is  its 
derivation?     (Find  in  a  dictionary.) 

2.  A  quotation  from  Shakespeare,  for  example, 

"My  crown  is  called  content,  a  crown  it  is  that  seldom 
kings  enjoy"  • 
could  be  found  in  what  concordance  and  under  what  index  arrange- 
ment?   3:  a.  b.  c.    Might  it  also  be  found  in  a  general  concordance? 
Name  one  which  would  be  likely  to  give  it.    2:  a.  b.  c. 

3.  A  passage  in  the  Bible,  such  as 

"A  soft  answer  turneth  away  wrath" 
could  be  found  by  using  what  concordance  and  under  what  index 
arrangement?     1   a.   b.     Might  it  also  be  found  in  a  general  con- 
cordance?     Would    Bartlett    or    Hoyt    be    best    to   use,    and    why? 
2:  a.   1  and  2,  b.   1. 

4.  A  quotation  on  a  prominent  subject,  e.  g-  "Reading," 
could  be  found  in  what  books  listed  and  under  what  index  arrange- 
ment?   2:  b.  3  and  2,  c.  1.     Could  one  be  found  in  Bartlett?    2:  a.  3. 

5.  The  sources  of  familiar  quotations, 

"The  pen   is  mightier  than   the   sword" 

"Cleanliness  is  next  to  Godliness" 

"God  tempers  the  wind  to  the  shorn  lamb" 

26 


could  be  found  by  using  what  books  and  under  what  index  arrange- 
ment?    2:  a.  2.  2:  b.  2.  2:  c.  3. 

6.  What  good  collection  of  short  poems  has  a  kind  of 
concordance  at  the  back?   Find  where  the  following  stanza  appears: 

"The  isles  of  Greece,  the  isles  of  Greece, 
Where  burning  Sappho  loved  and  sung." 

7.  The  exact  location  of  a  rather  unfamiliar  quotation  from 
some  known  author,  (e.  g.  Wordsworth)  should  be  looked  for  in 
what  special  concordance?     5:  c. 

8.  Under  what  conditions  might  a  dictionary  give  the  source 
of  a  quotation?  Which  dictionaries  give  full  citations?  Which 
gives  only  the  author?     6. 

9.  Make  a  concordance  for  the  second  quotation  on  the 
specimen  entry  from  Bartlett.  Write  each  important  word  on  a 
separate  card,  with  catch  words  following.  Test  entries  by 
referring  to  Bartlett. 

10.  The  following  quotation  is  on  a  wall  in  the  Library  of 
Congress:  "How  charming  is  divine  philosophy."  From  what 
author  and  in  which  of  his  works  it  comes  could  be  found  how? 
2:  a.  2.       2:  b.  2.       2:  c.  3. 

11.  How  are  quotations  sub-arranged  on  the  page  in  Hoyt? 
How  are  prominent  authors  indicated  in  the  concordance  in  Hoyt? 
2:b,  2:b. 

12.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 


27 


GROUP    1: 

A.  PARTS    OF   A    BOOK. 

B.  CONCORDANCES 

C.  ATLASES. 


C:     ATLASES. 

The  preparation  of  maps  and  atlases  is  a  feature  by  itself  in 
book  publishing.  The  need  of  special  atlases  for  particular  sub- 
jects, and  of  general  atlases  for  ordinary  use,  corresponds  to  a 
similar  need  in  other  subjects.  We,  therefore,  have  atlases  for 
astronomy,  statistics,  railroads,  history,  commerce,  and  many  other 
subjects,  as  well  as  an  infinite  number  of  maps  for  different  locali- 
ties, such  as  sections  of  a  country,  counties,  cities,  etc. 

The  method  for  indexing  any  material  of  an  atlas  nature  is 
usually  some  form  of  a  cross-reference  plan  of  referring  to  the 
desired  section  by  means  of  letters  and  numbers,  or  in  geographi- 
cal atlases,  frequently  by  longitude  and  latitude.  To  aid  in  making 
clear  the  references  used  for  an  atlas  index,  the  Century  Company 
have  kindly  provided  a  plate  from  their  Atlas,  of  the  western  section 
of  Virginia,  which  is  reproduced  herewith.  Notice  that  capital  letters 
appear  at  the  top  and  at  the  bottom  margins  of  the  map,  a  little 
over  an  inch  apart,  and  that  numbers  appear  at  the  right  and  at 
the  left  margins.  By  means  of  letters  and  numbers  the  location  of 
every  place  in  the  world  has  been  carefully  indicated  in  the  excel- 
lent index  at  the  back  of  the  large  atlas,  which  is  arranged  in  one 
alphabetical  order. 


28 


HI 


-1111  M'"  «riW<    "^ 


L^ 


29 


If  the  index  to  the  Century  atlas  were  consulted  under  "Wal- 
lace,"  for    example,   the   entries   as   given   below   would    be    found. 

Wallace,    Ala.,   300 42  C  8 

Wallace,   Cal 56  E  4 

Wallace   (c.h.),  Idaho,  3,000 50  D  2 

Wallace,    Ind.,    116 19  B  5 

Wallace,  Kan.,  150 32  A  3 

Wallace    (Co.),   Kan.,  2,759 32  A  3 

Wallace,    Ky 40  G  4 

Wallace,   La.,  300 45  H  7 

Wallace,  Mich.,  325 22  F  7 

Wallace,  Miss 43  E  2 

Wallace,  Mo.,  175 30  C  5 

Wallace,  Neb.,   175 29  C  3 

Wallace,  N.  Y.,  275 13  H  7 

Wallace,  N.  C,  444 36  O  5 

Wallace,  N.  Dak 26  C  1 

Wallace,  N.  Dak 26  E  2 

Wallace  (Co.),  N.  Dak.  (now  part  of 

Stark  Co.)    26  B  3 

Wallace,  Nova  Scotia    " 62  F  4 

Wallace,    Oreg 52  B  3 

Wallace,  S.   Dak..  207 27  G  1 

Wallace,  Va.,  200 34  D  3 

Wallace,   Wis 24  D  3 

Notice  that  the  states  are  sub-arranged  alphabetically,  and  that 
the  Wallace  in  Virginia  is  among  the  "Vs."  After  it,  we  find,  "200 

34  D     3."     "200"  means  the  population.     "34"  is  the 

number  of  the  map.  Find  "D"  at  the  top  or  bottom  margin  and 
"3"  at  the  right  or  left  margin.  If  an  imaginery  line  were  drawn 
from  D  to  D  and  another  from  3  to  3,  Wallace  would  be  found 
somewhere  near  their  intersection.  Turn  to  the  map  and  locate  it. 
Notice  what  small  places  the  Century  Atlas  indexes;  are  there  any 
listed  with  a  population  less  than  200? 

Places    are     arranged    under    different     alphabetical     plans     in 
different   atlases,   as: 

a.  In  one  general  alphabetical  order  at  the  back  or*  the  atlas. 

b.  On  the  back  of  the  map;  sometimes  separated  under  towns, 
rivers,  lakes,  etc.;  sometimes  in  one  general  alphabetical 
order. 

c.  On  the  margins. 

30 


ATLASES  THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort  to 
keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one  as  a 
fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  good  books,  that  are  available, 
and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.  Bartholomew. 

a.  Citizen's  atlas  of  the  world.    N.  Y.    Scribner.   $7.50.    Indexed 
at  the  back.     Location  indicated  by  latitude  and  longitude. 

b.  Handy  reference  atlas.     X.  Y.     Button.    $1.50.     Inexpensive 
and  practical.     Indexed  at  the  back  in  one  alphabet. 

2.  Century  aUas  of  the  world.     X.  Y.     Century.     $9.00. 

a.  Constitutes  the  12th  volume  of  the  Century  dictionary  and 
cyclopaedia. 

b.  Historical  and   astronomical   maps,  at  the   front. 

c.  Small  maps  of  large  cities  in   United   States. 

(1.     An    exhaustive   index   at   the   back   in   one   alphabet,   giving 
population. 

3.  Cram.     Atlas  of  the  world.     Ancient  and  modern.     N.  Y.  Cram 
Co.  $15.00. 

a.  Historical  maps  at  the  back. 

b.  Includes  maps  of  prominent  cities. 

c.  Indexed  on  the  backs  of  maps. 

4.  Dow,  Earl.     Atlas  of  European  nations.     Chicago.     Holt.     $1.50. 

a.  Maps  showing  possessions  at  different  stages  of  the  history 
of  the  nations  of  Europe. 

b.  Indexed  at  the  back. 

5.  Encyclopaedias  frequently  give  maps  under  subjects,  many  times 
including  maps  of  prominent  cities. 

The  Encyclopaedia   Britannica  indexes  all  places  on  all  of 
the  maps,  in  the  general  index  in  the  last  volume. 

6.  Everyman  library  atlases.     X.  Y.     Dutton.     35c  each. 

a.  Literary  and  historical  atlas  of  Europe. 

b.  Literary  and  historical  atlas  of  America. 

c.  Atlas  of  ancient  and  classical  geography. 

Each  atlas  outlines  for  its  respective  subects,  great  historical 
movements,  localities  prominent  in  important  literary  works, 
growth  of  important  cities,  etc. 

7.  Kiepert.     Atlas  antiquus.     X.  Y.     Steckcrt,  $1.75. 

An  atlas  of  the  ancient  world.     Indexed  at  the  back. 

31 


8.  Rand  and  McNally  Co.     Publishers  of  many  atlases.     Chicago. 

A.  Library  atlas  of  the  world,  2  Vols.     Chicago.    Rand.    $25.00. 

Volume  1.    United  States;  also  published  under  title,  Com- 
mercial atlas  of  America. 

a.  Index  for  each  map  on  the  back,  under  counties,  lakes, 
rivers,  towns,  etc. 

b.  Railroads  which  pass  through  towns  are  indicated  in  the 
index  by  number;  numbered  lists  of  railroads  given  in  red 
ink  on  the  face  of  each  map. 

c.  Electric  lines  passing  through  towns  are  indicated  in  the 
index  by  small  letters;  alphabetical  list  given  at  the  end 
of  the  index  of  towns  on  back  of  map. 

d.  Full  alphabetical  list  of  railroads,  electric  lines,  and  steam- 
ship lines  given  at  the  front  of  the  atlas. 

e.  Maps  of  important  cities. 

Volume  2.    Foreign  countries: 

a.  Indexed  at  the  back  in  one  alphabet. 

b.  Maps  of  important  cities. 

B.  New  imperial   atlas   of  the   world.     Rand   McNally.     $1.75. 

a.  A  good  inexpensive  atlas. 

b.  United  States  indexed  at  the  back  in  one  alphabet. 

c.  Foreign  countries  indexed  on  the  margins  of  separate  maps. 

d.  Large  cities  in  the  United  States.  Important  streets  indexed 
on  margins. 

9.  Shepherd,  W.  R.     Historical  atlas.     N.  Y.     Holt.    $2.50. 

a.  Maps  showing  the  territory  of  different  nations  at  different 
periods  of  their  history. 

b.  Indexed  in  one  alphabet  at  the  back. 

10.  Statistical  atlas.  An  atlas  showing  the  statistical  returns  of 
the  United  States  Census.  Washington,  D.  C,  Census  Office. 
A  most  interesting  plan  for  showing  the  returns  of  the  census 
by  means  of  a  color  scheme.     Examine,  if  possible. 

11.  Topographical  maps;  that  is,  maps  of  the  physical  features  of 
many  local  places,  can  be  secured  from  the  Geological  Survey 
at  Washington  for  10c  each. 

12.  For  an  explanation  and  illustration  of  the  "United  States 
catalogue  of  books  in  print"  and  its  supplements,  "Cumulative 
book  index,"  see  Group  7,  Book  Selection.  If  these  catalogues 
are  available,  consult  them  under  the  word  "atlases"  to  gain 
an   idea  of  the  variety  of  atlases. 

32 


PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  ATLASES. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  con- 
venient, use  them,  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving 
the  date  or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a  guide  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  A  map  showing  the  territory  of  the  Roman,  or  the  Persian, 
or  the  Grecian  Empire  at  its  greatest  extent  could  be  found  in 
what  atlases  listed?    2:  b.      3:  a.      6:  c.      7.      9:  a. 

2.  Name  two  atlases  of  the  world  that  are  indexed  in  one 
alphabetical  order  at  the  back.  Which  one  uses  latitude  and  longi- 
tude as  a  guide?    Where  else  are  the  indexes  sometimes  entered? 

3.  To  rind  the  location  of  some  unfamiliar  place,  (e.  g. 
"Schenevus"),  should  an  atlas  index  be  used  that  is  arranged  in  one 
alphabet  or  arranged  on  the  back  of  each  map?     Why? 

4.  The  names  of  railroads  and  electric  lines  that  pass  through 
any  towns  in  the  United  States,  (e.  g.,  Kalamazoo),  could  be  found 
by  using  which  atlas  and  under  what  index  arrangement?  8:  A, 
Vol.  1,  b  and  c. 

5.  a.  Small  maps  of  large  cities,  (e.  g.,  Cincinnati),  could  be 
found  in  what  atlases  listed,  and  in  which  other  reference  books? 
2:  c.       3:  b.       5.       8:  A,  Vol.  1,  e.       8:  B,  d. 

b.     Maps  of  important  cities  at  epochs  of  their  growth  may 
possibly  be  found  where?     6:  a-c. 

6.  Material  of  an  atlas  nature  is  usually  indexed  by  what  kind 
of  cross-reference  guides? 

7.  Name  two  small  inexpensive  atlases.     1 :  b.     8:  B. 

8.  Name  and  describe  the  nature  of  three  good  historical 
atlases.    4.    6.    9. 

9.  Name  an  atlas  of  the  ancient  world.       6:  c.       7. 

10.  What  does  the  word  "gazetteer"  mean?  If  the  meaning  is 
not  known,  look  it  up  in  a  dictionary. 

11.  How  are  the  streets  on  a  city  map  indexed? 

12.  Name  a  large  map  publishing  firm.     8. 

13.  Make  an  index  for  six  places  on  the  sample  map,  guiding 
to  their  location  by  latitude  and  longitude  and  by  letters  and  num- 
bers.    Arrange  the  names  in  alphabetical  order. 

(The  complete  atlas  contains  over  100  large  maps,  the  index  contains  about 
185,000  places,  each  one  of  which  has  been  indexed  in  a  similar  manner.  The 
enormous  amount  of  work  and  expense  necessary  to  index  an  atlas  so  completely 
is    little   realized.) 

33 


13.  Does  an  index  to  an  atlas  usually  give  any  of  the  following 
points?  (Consult  the  index  of  the  Century  Atlas  under  places 
indicated  to  see  if  information  is  given.; 

a.  Length  of  a  river:      Hudson. 

b.  Height  of  a  mountain:     Shasta. 

c.  Population  of  a  place:     Milwaukee. 

d.  Area  of  a  state:     Montana. 

e.  Could   such    information   be    found   in    a   recent    dictionary? 

In  a  gazetteer?     In  an   encyclopaedia? 

14.  To  find  the  number  of  places  in  the  world  by  the  name  of 
Paris,  for  example,  an  atlas  index,  arranged  how,  should  be  used? 

15.  a.  To  find  the  names  of  the  counties  in  Kansas,  for  exam- 
ple, an  atlas  index,  arranged  how,  should  be  used?     8:  A,  Vol.  1,  a. 

b.      Counties   are   indicated    on    the    sample   map   by   heavy 
large  type;  name  two. 

16.  Describe  the  purpose  of  atlases  for  the  following: 

a.  Classical   atlas. 

b.  Literary   atlas. 

c.  Topographical   atlas. 

d.  City  maps.     How  are  streets  indexed? 

e.  Astronomical  atlas. 

f.  Statistical  atlas. 

g.  Historical  atlas. 

17.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 


34 


GROUP  2: 

A.  DICTIONARIES. 

B.  COMPARATIVE  TABLE. 

C.  GROWTH  OF  DICTIONARIES. 


A:  DICTIONARIES. 

No  branch  of  reference  work  is  so  important  as  a  thorough 
understanding  of  what  can  be  found  in  recent  dictionaries,  for 
they  constitute  in  pith  and  essence  veritable  encyclopaedias,  and 
give  in  addition  much  information  not  found  in  encyclopaedias 
proper.  We  have  become  so  accustomed  to  the  word  "dictionary" 
that  we  have  lost  a  realization  of  its  paramount  place  among 
reference  books,  and  of  the  enormous  range  of  information  includ- 
ed. If  one  should  attempt  to  copy  even  a  part  of  the  information 
given  in  recent  dictionaries  under  any  simple  word  such  as  "cross" 
or  "seven"  or  "queen,"  for  example,  he  would  begin  to  grasp  some 
idea  of  what  a  tremendous  task  it  has  been  to  prepare  such  a 
work. 

To  gather  the  material;  to  prove  it  accurate,  a  very 
important  and  expensive  feature  requiring  the  work  of  trained 
scholars;  to  arrange  and  to  prepare  this  collected  material  for  the 
printer;  to  read  the  proof;  to  bind,  to  advertise,  and  to  sell  it  for 
the  exceedingly  low  price  asked,  is  a  marvelous  piece  of  work 
accomplished  by  modern  publishing  houses.  To  compress  into  one 
volume  the  vast  amount  of  information  compiled,  has  required 
much  skill  and  care  in  the  arrangement  of  the  printing  and  in  the 
use  of  abbreviations  for  saving  space.  When  the  range  of  infor- 
mation included,  and  the  characteristic  way  of  entering  it  is  once 
thoroughly  understood,  the  use  of  a  dictionary  becomes  a  revelation 
and  a  delight. 


35 


Characteristic  Arrangement  of  Material  in 

WEBSTER'S  NEW  INTERNATIONAL  DICTIONARY. 

G.  and  C.  Merriam  Co.,  Springfield,  Mass.     $12.00. 

Divided  page:  Separating  words  and  phrases  that  are  frequent- 
ly used  from  those  less  frequently  looked  for.  In  the  lower  section 
of  the  page  appear  most  obsolete  words,  most  of  the  abbreviations, 
and  most  of  the  foreign  words  and  phrases,  also  Christian  names, 
and  most  of  the  Scriptural  names.  This  divided  page  gains  space 
and  by  placing  words  of  minor  importance  below  the  line  saves  the 
necessity  of  running  the  eye  over  every  detailed  entry  when  an 
important  word  is  desired.  See  preface  p.  vi.  first  column.  When 
looking  for  a  word,  try  the  upper  section  first,  if  it  is  not  there, 
try  the  lower  section;  always  on  the  same  page. 

1.    In  the  general  vocabulary  appear: 

a.  Spelling.  Preferred  forms  have  the  first  position.  A 
spelling  that  is  defined  by  a  cross-reference  only  is 
less  preferable  than  the  spelling  which  is  fully  defined. 
Reformed  spelling  in  the  lower  section  marked,  "Ref. 
Sp." 

b.  Pronunciation  in  parentheses  following  the  vocabulary 
entry.  Where  two  forms  appear  the  first  is  the  one 
preferred.  Figures  are  references  to  sections  in  Guide 
to  Pronunciation,  pages  xxxvii  to  lxxv;  277  refers  to  a 
Synopsis  of  Words  Differently  Pronounced,  at  end  of 
Guide.  Diacritical  marks  given  at  the  bottom  of 
even  and  odd  facing  pages. 

c.  Inflected  forms  if  irregular,  as  plurals,  principal  parts 
of  verbs,  etc.,  in  small  capitals  following  the  abbrevia- 
tion that  indicates  the  part  of  speech. 

d.  Etymology    (derivation)    brackets   preceding   definition. 

e.  Definitions;  in  order  of  their  historical  development. 

f.  Encyclopaedic  information;  many  cross  references; 
arranged  sub-alphabetically  after  last  numbered  defini- 
tion, unless   in  regular  alphabetical   order. 

g.  Fictitious,  Biblical,  Christian,  mythological  and  other 
proper  names. 

h.     Abbreviations. 

i.      1:  Foreign  phrases. 

2:   Common    phrases    after    the    last    definition    of    the 
most  characteristic  word  of  the  phrase. 

36 


j.      1:  Illustrations  in  connection  with  words;   many  val- 
uable plates. 

2.  Also  classified  in  the  appendix,  thumb  index,  "111." 

k.  Synonyms,  directly  following  the  definitions;  marked 
"Syn." 

1.  Key  of  abbreviations  used  for  defining  words,  on  page 
lxxix,  directly  preceding  the  letter  "A." 

2.  In  the  appendix  appear: 

a.  Geographical  names;  separate  vocabulary,  beginning 
on  page  2379,  thumb  index  "Gaz,"  for  Gazetteer.  Very 
brief;  gives  population;  cross  references  given  to  en- 
tries in  the  body  of  the  book;  see  Arabia,  London, 
New  York.  At  the  bottom  of  the  left  hand  page  signs 
used  are  explained. 

b.  Biographical  names;  separate  vocabulary  beginning  on 
page  2487,  thumb  index  "Biog."  Very  brief;  tabular 
form;  saves  space  and  is  convenient  for  quick  refer- 
ence when  dates  and  vocation  only  are  desired. 

c.  Signs  and  symbols;  beginning  on  page  2546,  thumb  in- 
dex "Signs." 

d.  History.  In  reference  history  edition  only.  1.  A  sep- 
arate department,  contents  on  page  3,  directly  follow- 
ing thumb  index  "Hist."  2.  This  department  also  has 
a  very  valuable  topical  index;  thumb  index  "Ind." 

3.  In  the  front  appear: 

a.  Flags,  such  as  National,  plate  vi;  Signal,  plate  vii; 
Yacht  club,  plate  viii;  Official,  plate  i. 

State  seals,  plates  ii  and  iii. 

Arms  of  the  various  nations,  plate  iv. 

b.  Addenda,  page  lxxix;  words  added  after  the  main  work 
was    completed. 

c.  History  of  the  English  language;  preface,  pages  xxi- 
xxxvi. 

d.  Guide  to  pronunciation,  including  a  synopsis  of  words 
differently  pronounced,  page  lx. 

A  specimen  page  from  this  dictionary  is  herewith  inserted,  by 
the  courtesy  of  the  publishers.     Explanation  follows  specimen  page. 

37 


^    '   ®  H  "^3  «hT3 


r— i»        O     '         <— 'i    >»  « 


<! 

i— ( 

H 

p 


is 

w 

CO 

o 


E 
o 

u 

to 


c 

H 

o 
p 
-4 


a  ~  g  IT  Z  s  E,-^  ^i?*1  £'3,  "r 

a~"~ 


— .#       CSS? 

33    ,3  =  «  » 


H  S  i  J,  3     H  5  2 

ci  as  a  g  £    eq  I  £ 


^; 


"i,—   .-"3   a 

3-  a  ™  = 


-  "*   5  "  i       _;  .  i*  --  —  '"  ~  -  -  -i  ™  ^  a  —  :-  -~  ■-  3       x  ■»  x  .    S  _  .3  i 

3  l>a  3  5  ~  9         S-|o-s1j2  =^-3S-'S,6*S  I  «S  UJ="I  §,•■=  =  MCe'T 
.a  =  3  scot j=        (C^:^j.;-,.^^-c^>.«H:t_5H.^r.- 


a. B  £      2-  ..«  5    ."dr 

gga  =  -£*s  =  -i-3<_-S< 

BiJgds'S  £  to  S-tMWCKg 

bo  g  3    .  |  -  -a  -  M'-S  a      S 

«i  |  *  te-3-3  a  |  a  £  g  £  ^ 

DQ    V  ?   ^  »^»           '                ^.?i            ^ 

-!  ~         fci  ■   a  >«'" 

*  s-g  ?^r  "  a  CE  g 


•_  —   ci 


2  d  3  ~  -  a   ii  ?  a  *  a 

~  a—  a -;  »Q  a  =_,  g  eu 

£.-  s-s .'  :  ~?h"-i a  32  5»|a 


(B  -J    u    u    a;  . 


"3  =? 


XC-  c~* £  -  —  —  S  —  •- ^  "^ 

c  rf  ti  S"t; ""  a "2 -^ __ "3  .^—  5 


ci  *  5       3  iV 


!•< 

27""" 

*?   S  >,.=  s 

c  " 

.'a  '^ 

5     .<*5 

*  C  ^j  °  ^  « 

^H' 

"  r 

5.^- 

2  a  a || | 

M  «-a 

C^-  CC 
„  X 

c  a 
c  — 

&  — 

0 

•--^  =  =  2 

i  u  = 

S'>a 

a 

■< 

■f 

i 

5 

i 

1 

!1 

J 

c 

0 

X 

z 

— 

1 

1 

i 

a 

j 

>. 

t 

1 1 

^r; 

>. 

_- 

5 

- 

< 

— 

n 

s 

i 

■^ 

.x 

a 

>, 

i 

— — 

v" 

«2 

A 

:: 

r 

e 

- 

^i  a 

0 

-, 

~L 

7 

i'g 

,'-" 

H 

a. 

r 

— 

f 

C 

3 

0 

= 

L-- 

ri 

a 

=  s 

a 

r- 

; 

K 

C 

^. 

? 

5 

o 

it 

a 

< 

3 
1 

o 

bo 

a 

< 

0 

CC 

c 

"c^ 

« 

o 
K 
S 
< 

< 

a 

-^ 

= 

ki  5  i- 

S^4 

K  *■  5  V_  e-f  e      c> 


s^o^filti- ~J  J 

©    "-. 

S  >.2~  £  £f~  5  ^"H  be  1 

w     j 

e%" £=*%?.*&.<  i 

s..- 

s,"f<*lsi<s|H 

i 

3,5 

<    N 

H^°lil  =  ".fl^5:l 

: 

^ 

3    - 

: 

bo  i; 

3' 
< 

3      v!  i  =   ti"tT"-J        b  --    -    -"     C  r  rt  ~  3  =  3  .   'm    '©  (D  «*P  —  w.-        ~. 


5  -  =     a: " 


-      C"-_<_- 


-  ''B£      l'^3 


2  -S  "q    O   >,*s 
5   5   on'a'a  £ 


r  -  £  =  3  -•  r  —  o."  *  *  ?  k  ~  cs"5  no 


tig5'     J 

S"5     -5  "5=5 


»e*3  =  5-' 

s  5   ■  r  — 

>*  a  ~  v.  J 

-  a  -  ^.  - 

c      60^  = 

=  «se- 

-  a  6o  r,< 


£  *»  g  S^ 


3  5>'8 


"  ~  3  H.  s=.s  >'C  5  fe  5  S.S  ii3«  a 


i'  Er^r    ^J-i  tl  as 


S  £  a 


=  i||   g-g*    R/7=   1* 

EL.i  -     pJU  ;  =      t-'  rf  ~  ifl  ^ 


^  =-'  I  f  r  ^'  &    + 

i  »-  --  3      °      ;■ 


'  M  «  ft  i;  C 


6C  O  2  m  -C   S   =rr^. 
;.r-  o-io  c  z  '■-. 


>P  tSgtt„ 
JJ.2  5  ?  --^  gj  s 


*-  "^  ess— 


-*^aMr*»|i 


bo  ™5j  o  s  s  ^-"^_- 

:  £  ^  «  a  •"?  ®^  Si  ~  S  £  -3  ^  ■ 
.^j6o_6tt=60o0<*  =  -=c;e«~ 
1  cs  u  3  S  3  =  3.S  3  ts  cc.  3 153 1 
O      O      a      Bj  03 


—  *^  <0  *^  ^  -'  ©  - 
£  <o  ~  i.  ^  S  - 
=  "©, =  t:3  C 

-  bi)^0  x   5  33  *•  -_ 


=  n 


-  2 


.  &v- 


i.  3  =  — 

o  g=  " 
607  I 
■.Si.. 
0  bo-r  bObo^ 

,3  ;  S 


ss;.;S; 


:  33  ~  3  i-  =   3      M  - 


-3  C  „—  „*' 


J5-*-=  =7^-3     E*:; 


SB:-.     33  3 ';  3  3  : 


I  3  3 

0  6  iO 

1  3  3 


">  5T  =  --    .  3 


„j;       v  O  ;.       >  ; 


■  o  ce" 


Pr- 

6   .;-'cb;.;=c 

T0-?  -  b0W;-^'tcbD 

3  .-  —  33-  t3" 

a--  —  a  «--  ~  a 


:  3;  B 

S  B  ! 

_    :f=  tc-: 

33;;^r^3:  3 


ba2 
■  3  <! 


~-  a».  a;  a<!  = 


tote—  3  to  ;  ja  ,  a 
3--^  —  ^  s.j:  3.S  3 


C  7  —  he  *r  tuitf, 


d—  *■;  x  c  , 


9  2~  .•;       .  O—  s-5 


ii+. 


S2-3-— s  o£~5- '>    "S 
«C  i  S-S  '.=  fie  ?*  -1*'^    11 

3"'S'I».C!  ?     3  .    ! 

a  a>  -  E3  3  r  " 


&*■ 


=  te  =  c  a  a  —  =3;  —  - 


_a 


3-  e    -sbs 


~*^3^u;4." 


n    ■•  ^. 


10  S 
« + 


©  % 


Consult  the  word  "augur"  on  the  specimen  page  from  Webster's 
New  international  dictionary  and  notice  that  it  is  entered  three 
times.  What  letter  signifies  that  the  first  "augur"  is  a  noun?  What 
letters,  that  the  second  is  a  transitive  verb?  What  letters  are  given 
after  the  third  entry  to  indicate  an  intransitive  verb? 

Under  "augur,  n"  the  pronunciation  is  given  by  respelling  the 
word  in  parenthesis.  In  brackets,  directly  following  the  pronuncia- 
tion, the  derivation,  (etymology),  or  language  from  which  it  is 
derived,  is  given.  What  language  is  it?  All  abbreviations  used 
for  defining  words  in  this  dictionary  are  given  in  a  table  directly 
preceding  the  letter  "a,"  page  lxxix.  What  "perh."  within  the 
brackets  means  can,  therefore,  be  found  where?  If  a  copy  of  this 
dictionary  is  convenient,  find  what  this  abbreviation  means.  What 
does  fr.  following  it  mean?  The  definition  numbered  "1"  is  fol- 
lowed by  "Rom.  Relig."  What  this  means  can  be  found  where? 
What  prominent  author  has  used  definition  number  2?  Is  the  work 
in  which  he  used  it  given? 

Is  the  derivation  (etymology)  given  for  "augur,  v.  t."?  Does 
it  differ  from  that  of  "augur,  n"?  What  authors  have  used  v.  t.? 
What  does  "Syn."  after  number  2  mean?  Is  the  derivation  of 
"augur,  v.  i."  given?  Why  not?  What  authors  are  quoted  under 
"v.  i."?     "Augur,  v.  i."  should  be  followed  by  what  prepositions? 

Characters  in  mythology,  and  prominent  fictitious  characters 
in  the  works  of  many  authors,  are  entered  in  the  vocabulary.  Look 
under  "Augean"  for  a  reference  in  mythology.  What  "Gr.  Myth." 
means  could  be  found  where  in  the  dictionary?  How  were  the 
Augean  stables  cleansed,  and  by  whom?  In  which  one  of  Shake- 
speare's plays  does  the  fictitious  character  of  Audrey  appear? 

Below  the  line,  in  alphabetical  order,  the  word  "auenterous" 
is  given,  followed  by  what  character  or  symbol?  Tell  what  this 
character  signifies  by  consulting  the  bottom  of  the  page.  A  differ- 
ent, but  obsolete,  spelling  for  "adventure"  was  therefore  what? 
Consult  "auen"  below  the  line  and  give  an  obsolete  spelling  for 
"own."  If  the  dictionary  is  convenient,  look  up  "adventure"  and 
"own,"  and  find  the  obsolete  spellings  in  the  derivation.  What  do 
the  two  vertical  lines  before  "au  fond,"  below  the  line  mean?  (See 
bottom  of  page.)  From  what  language  does  it  come?  What  the 
"lit.,"  following  the  "F"  means  can  be  found  where?  Would  the 
abbreviation  "aug."  be  likely  to  be  above  or  below  the  line?  What 
does  it  stand  for  besides  August? 

40 


"Augustinian"  pertains  to  what  man?  Does  the  man's  name 
appear  on  the  page  in  alphabetical  order?  In  what  part  of  the 
dictionary  could  his  name  be  found?  ''Augustinian"  has  how  many 
definitions?  After  the  last  numbered  one,  its  use  in  describing 
certain  orders  is  given.  Notice  that  these  orders  are  sub-arranged 
alphabetically  in  heavier  type;  Augustinian  canon,  (c),  coming 
before  A.  hermits,  (h);  and  on  the  next  page  in  the  dictionary,  A. 
nuns,  (n),  before  A.  Rule  (r).  Information  of  this  general  charac- 
ter is  called  "encyclopaedic."  The  plan  of  entering  encyclopaedic 
information  in  sub-alphabetical  order  after  the  last  numbered  defini- 
tion of  the  main  word  is  very  extensively  used  in  recent  diction- 
aries and  should  be  made  perfectly  familiar.  Consult  the  word 
"seven"  in  the  dictionary,  if  convenient,  for  a  fuller  illustration  of 
this  arrangement,  and  name  one  of  the  Seven  Wonders  of  the 
World. 

How  is  "august,"  the  adjective,  pronounced,  and  how  "August," 
the  noun?  How  is  the  emphasis  indicated?  Read  the  definition  of 
"august"  below  the  line  and  tell  why  it  was  so  placed.  Mark  the 
emphasis  for  "augment,  n.,"  and  for  "augment,  v.  t." 

The  diacritical  marks  are  given  at  the  bottom  of  the  pages. 
What  is  the  diacritical  mark  for  the  sound  of  "a"  in  "care;"  in 
"arm";  in  '"ask"?  Of  "e"  in  "maker"?  See  bottom  of  odd  pgaes  in 
the  dictionary  proper  for  "u"  in  verdure.  What  number  follows  it? 
This  number  refers  to  numbered  paragraphs  on  pronunciation  at 
the  front  of  the  dictionary. 

What  "Her."  means  after  the  third  definition  of  "augment, v. t.," 
could  be  found  where?  Would  "auf  wieder-sehen"  be  likely  to  be 
above  or  below  the  line?  What  does  it  mean?  From  what  lan- 
guage does  it  come?  See  "augmentativ"  below  the  line  and  note 
under  what  sanction  it  is  so  spelled. 

What  does  "obs."  under  "auge"  below  the  line  mean?  Give 
the  meaning  of  each  abbreviation  following  this  word,  or  tell 
where  it  could  be  found.  To  what  word  and  to  which  numbered 
definition,  is  reference  made  for  the  meaning  of  "auge"  number  1? 
Same  for  number  2,  (below  the  line).  Is  there  an  auge  above  the 
line?  Would  the  phrase  "audit  que  vocatus  Apollo"  be  likely  to 
be  above  or  below  the  line?  From  what  author  and  from  which 
of  his  works  is  it  taken?     What  does  it  mean? 

Persons  and  places  are  entered  as  an  Appendix  at  the  back  of 
Webster's  dictionary,  under  separate  vocabularies.  A  plate  from 
the  gazetteer  is  herewith  inserted  to  illustrate  the  compact  form  of 
entering  information  about  places. 

41 


A  Specimen  Entry  From  The  Gazetteer  of  Webster's    New  International  Dictionary. 


Under  the  word  "Franklin"  notice  that  the  name  is  printed  but 
once,  a  dash  being  used  instead  of  its  repetition.  The  first 
"Franklin"  mentioned  is  a  county  in  what  part  of  what  state? 
Determine  what  kind  of  a  county  it  is  by  consulting  "agr."  at  the 
bottom  of  the  page.  It  has  how  many  square  miles?  Its  popula- 
tion is  about  how  many  thousands?  Consult  the  bottom  of  the 
page  to  determine  what  the  cross  after  it  means.  The  dash  after 
"Russellville"  refers  to  another  county  by  the  name  of  Franklin, 
which  is  an  agricultural  and  pastural  county.  How  many  county 
seats  has  this  county?  Name  each  state  which  has  a  Franklin 
county,  by  following  the  dashes  until  a  city  is  mentioned.  Are  the 
states  arranged  in  alphabetical  order?  Is  there  a  second  alpha- 
betical arrangement  of  states  under  cities  and  towns?  Find  the 
number  of  square  miles  in  Franklin  Co.,  Va.  What  is  the  popula- 
tion of  Franklin  village  in  Ohio,  and  in  what  county  is  it  located? 

Consult  the  entry  under  "New  York,"  and  name  the  references 
given  at  the  end.  Under  these  references  added  information  can 
be  found  in  the  body  of  the  dictionary. 

Under  "Plymouth,"  Mass.,  a  reference  is  given  to  what  word? 
Would  this  word  be  in  the  body  of  the  dictionary,  or  in  the  gazet- 
teer? Is  "Point  de  Calle"  given  in  alphabetical  order  above  or 
below  the  dividing  line  of  the  page?  Under  what  word  would 
information  regarding  it  be  found?  Would  this  word  be  in  the 
body  of  the  dictionary,  or  in  the  gazetteer? 

Consult  the  bottom  of  the  page  and  give  the  meaning  of  the 
abbreviations:  cml.,  mfg.,  spt.,  tp.  What  is  the  smallest  population 
entered? 


43 


A  Specimen  Entry  From   Index  in 
Reference  History  Edition  of  Webster's  New  International  Dictionary 


as 
o 

I— I 

w 
u 

w 
as 
w 

i-i 
w 
as 

H 

O 
H 


:'3.S5 


««"  CuS  3^-e  S'o'"'  Sin 
•  2" St;    o^-s 


■a  e«  «  " 

b-  -K-  S"Si  c  o 


8s  3 

rt'~  a 


5JE 


£  . .  *  3  «u.'  *  s*  a 

_   -      L   r*  o  a  °  *• 

St;  N  °c  3s  o  ■ " 

.    —    ,     i  ~  £  ^JB  5  ^> 


1     SaSgw   -a" 

►■        «2*  "  ft      <m^«m 

*■  2  *  th.     *  *^  E 
"^  S-o  "^a  mTJ  «!*J 


g-?iL..aa|  ^ SB  I 

sa®5!2      .Z~~; ■£??-$  "-«■»"    <*A- 


^■C  a 

?■?:  ■§ 

i 

-*"s|a  <»  § 

o 

E 

C 

■;  »  ■  «  -^  B01    -KJ 

O 

§,  £  £  ~  «"*.""'■£  £  » 

.; 

a     a  bo 

hIh  m     w 


E^  S  •  « 
jj3">ea 

S-ij^S  •  c  5 

h.o«>.lj  re; 


"     as^s 


!      H 


3  MoJS 

lis  5 


g   -3-s!; 


■A  s, 


—  J5—  _ 


U.S'Oi-ii-s  o  O  —i 

WW 


I-S-3S-5- 

5  O—  *  «C 


-a 

.'He  -s*  u 

*«"i-'S1. 


-.  ^2  a 


•3    K-S5! 


"    §3 

J  •••Serf 

1^*  o 


cos"".    £  . 


eH  3 


1« 


*  eo  ^ «       ^"Cl  c^ 

5|„8b4S3-2  r 

«5e,JS  «3  iS^H  .  S.22  5  Ss 

3  O'O-^  c  o  —  O-^       5  o  o  o  o  o  o 

3W  W     W      I  WWWWWWW 


?^"iflcr< 


J  6  a  -  '  S 


*   -,c ♦;"*  c  c 


"uZi: 


o  5  3  o  o  o  _ 


S  s  s-s  r  r  I  >  i  g  3  s  s-s  s^e's^^  isnS 


i£n5i 


'« 


iw 


«gs|3   lis   i~  g 

•2  —5    b    ^S"!a    a^i    a 


.3     a   ,-m2     * 


M  BM       X^J       '$  I 

2-3     b»  .Cp 


*-°, 


!5h2^.: 


s  b  .  s  ?-:>"  _-= 

■a   rii-H^-f   -  .  c^ 


;«a  =  o    . 


3-2  ?  "c"=  gxi  «^-H'»' 

-w  55  s-J  j|  g>j= »"  ...s-c  a-5 .  b  |a'F ... 

bS-3-3  o  -«.-  £9  g«g  g  gTj£  af-8  -W  2°~-2  S  »H^i  ilg 
S-  2  2  2  -"So  £"St;'c,S  §  £  '  ^  2  C  -  E  S'-'a  a  ■>«  s  "  £  s 


■S      s  s 

.-           BS      3 

■5    ?8 

•u       -2  8     S 
^.£h    ■St     • 

0  £ss*„-h  § 

■g|x|  - 

b  S  ►.     "Sf  -J= 

<5 

S  £  S  b  ct 

0 

W     WW 

KKWWWW     W 

W 

5  1 .2  17^  fc  S  K  3  rot*  1 1:^-  E 


B  B  "- 

WWW 


Look  under  the  word  "Immigration"  on  the  specimen  entry 
from  the  Reference  history  section  of  this  edition  of  Webster's 
new  international  dictionary  inserted  herewith,  and  tell  what  the 
first  year  is  for  which  statistics  are  given.  After  1820  statistics  are 
given  for  each  five  year  period,  as  indicated  by  '25,  '30,  etc.  After 
the  year  '60  the  page  on  which  appears  the  statistics  for  the  pre- 
ceding years  is  given  as  what?  The  2  following  this  page  means 
the  2nd  column.  What  year  had  the  largest  number  of  immigrants 
before  1873?  After  1870,  are  statistics  given  more  frequently  than 
in  five  year  periods?  After  1888  how  frequently  are  they  given? 
Give  the  page  and  column  for  finding  statistics  for  each  of  the 
following  years:  1840;  1882;  1895;  1900.  What  is  the  last  year 
given? 

To  become  acquainted  with  the  range  of  information  con- 
densed in  the  reference  history  section  of  this  edition,  give  the  page 
and  column  where  extremely  compact  information  could  be  found 
on  each  of  the  points  given  below.  If  this  edition  of  the  dictionary 
is  available  look  up  one  or  two  of  the  items. 

Page  and  columns  for  finding: 

a.  When  Idaho  was  admitted  as  a  state. 

b.  When  Herod  the  Great  took  Jerusalem. 

c.  Which  state  is  called  Hawkeye  state. 

d.  Crusaders  at  Iconium. 

e.  Discovery  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood  by  Harvey. 

f.  Inauguration   of  William   Harrison   as   president. 

g.  Death  of  Henry  VI,  King  of  England, 
h.  Education  in   Italy. 

i.      Industry  and   labor  in   India. 

Look  up  the  word  "Imports"  and  tell  how  the  information  is 
entered. 

What  date,  in  heavy  type,  separates  the  history  of  Italy  into 
two  divisions?  Is  India  so  divided?  This  date  of  the  treaty  of 
Westphalia  divides  the  history  of  many  modern  countries. 

Read  carefully  all  entries  summarizing  the  characteristic 
arrangement  of  material  in  Webster's  New  international  diction- 
ary, given  on  the  page  preceding  the  first  specimen  page,  and  see 
that  each  item  is  clearly  understood. 


45 


Characteristic    Arrangement    of    Material    in 

FUNK  AND  WAGNALLS  NEW  STANDARD   DICTIONARY 

Funk  and  Wagnalls  Co.,  New  York.     $12.00. 

1.  In  the  general  vocabulary  appear: 

a.  Spelling;  current  and  reformed;  reformed  spelling  also  under 

the  current. 

b.  Pronunciation;  each  word  is  respelled  twice   for  pronuncia- 

tion; two  keys,  with  diacritics  for  each,  are  given  at  the 
top  of  even  and  odd  facing  pages.  Guide  words  at  top  of 
pages. 

c.  Common   meaning   of   the   word   is   given   first,   obsolete   and 

rare  meanings  last;  valuable  plates  and  illustrations  in 
connection. 

d.  Etymologies  (derivations)   follow  definitions,  instead  of  pre- 

ceding them. 

e.  Synonyms     directly     follow    the     last    numbered     definition; 

marked,  "Syn." 

f.  Antonyms;  directly  follow  synonyms;  marked,  "Ant." 

g.  Prepositions;     directly     follow     "Syn."     or    "Ant.",     marked 

"Prep." 

h.  Compound  words;  indicated  by  a  double  instead  of  a  single 
hyphen. 

i.  Biographical  names;  exact  dates  indicated  by  giving  number 
of  month;  slant;  number  of  day. 

j.  Geographical  names;  1.  Description  in  vocabulary.  2.  Pop- 
ulation in  appendix,  page  2792. 

k.  Biblical,  Christian,  fictitious,  mythological,  and  other  proper 
names. 

1.  Encyclopaedic  information,  with  many  cross  references; 
usually  arranged  in  sub-alphabetical  order  after  the  last 
numbered  definition,  unless  in  regular  alphabetical   order. 

m.  1.  Foreign  phrases  used  in  law,  music,  cooker}',  in  common 
use.  2.  Common  phrases  under  the  most  characteristic 
word  of  the  phrase. 

n.  Abbreviations:  1.  Grouped  under  the  word  "abbreviation;" 
2.  Also  in  general  vocabulary;  3.  Degrees  also  listed 
under   the   word   '"degree." 

46 


2.  Features  of  special  arrangement: 

a.  One  alphabetical  order  throughout;  therefore,  "proof  read- 

ing," "flags,"  "coat  of  arms,"  "signs,"  etc.,  are  entered  in 
the  vocabulary  in  alphabetical  order. 

b.  Citations  for  quotations  are  given  in  the  spellings  used  by 

the  author  cited  and  with  most  exact  precision,  including 
even  publisher  and  date. 

c.  Foreign    alphabets,    such    as    Greek,    Hebrew,    Arabic,    are 

systematically  transliterated  into  Roman  letters. 

d.  Corrects  faulty  diction.     See  "bad,"  adj.  10. 

e.  A  department  of  foreign  phrases  used  in  English  literature; 

thumb  index,  "For'n  Phrs.",  page  2781. 

f.  Disputed    pronunciations,    page    2763.      The    Roman    number 

XIII.  follows  the  pronunciation  of  disputed  words  in  the 
vocabulary. 

g.  A  small  superior  number  is  used  to  separate  words  spelled 

alike  but  with  different  meanings.     See  "muse." 

h.  The  "Literary  Digest"  edition  gives  in  the  appendix,  "A 
standard  history  of  the  world  told  day  by  day,"  i.  e.,  what 
happened  on  each  day  from  January  1st  through  December 
31st,  in  ancient,  medieval  and  modern  history,  arranged  by 
years,  months  and  days. 

3.  Many  subjects  are   tabulated,   such   as: 

a.  African  and  American  tribes; 

b.  Apples    (and   other   fruits),   varieties   of; 

c.  Animals,  e.g.,  horses,  cattle,  dogs,   etc.; 

d.  Architecture,  styles  of; 

e.  Coins; 

f.  Colors; 

g.  Geological    formations; 
h.  Grasses; 

i.  Measures,  Weights; 

j.  Operas; 

k.  For  other  subjects  tabulated,  see  page  2758. 


47 


A  specimen  page  from 
Funk  and  Wagnalls  New  Standard  Dictionary 


H.23 


5  II 


-*  .a 
"I 

v  d 

T3 

.a*  Sj 

5    II 

.    00-1 

fa  .. 
•-T  •" 
£    Bl 

3  - 

►O    •- 

oj  a 

e  - 
si 

fi- 


ll ". 
3* 


ii  § 


^€ 


WW 


S    |«.S 

S     ao  a 
o     ttfa 

;  *>- 

8  °     — » 

a 

<*~Q2  «  c 


"2-a'o'o  £ 
°  '...tit 
a  *      «  ° 

i3  as  en 

O  fe  o  « 
S     '5  ►  o 
°  ?•«».-  3 


a-;»  »£■<£ 


-So       -     sS'g 


■£383 

•»  £  3 

•g. 


3  c  °     3.1 
B  "*      «  a  a 

SotfO   .Q»  £j  o'tjv- 

ag-     &'=  c  a  S  ~  m  d 
ja  c-o  >  a. ga 


e~a&: »   sir 

.oo  2c.g      «  r  u 

vrh"a     g.-^ 

» 9y»  u*-*    ^  .-  a 
°i»<°     -ao 

!-as"~c.9 


a      o«'5§d!a      §88 


•"  S      5  4> 
so     c'H 


'•3     *2 


"■«    .«-  >> 

"soft 

fc   G   K   O   fl 

■T-2      .  C  « 

6-SJ  g° 
«  o  v  .,  -J> 


?! 


'C  «» 
rig     c.= 

•a  -  y  >t 

4  O 


o-Oto-3        -*5c-K"5t3cJSo^2 


f=    <b 


—  -  s  c  s  >>  ? 


SiS«oit~-!:;..SJ::St;S      o 


0)  C3  2P  O 


2  s  .its..?.—  ^  t,  g  °^c; 

3  £  **  jf  E  ♦*  ^    .-  -T    r    3fl(.3  0CS 

Bu     -'-J;       a  -  uo't  o..  =  5_ 

< a a'"I a  a- s -s £.=  =  c  =  ^°s    £=3 o| s: I H 

.»3aos|0-5.S«^=«o|o|      a     ^agJlgg^ 


CopyrightC(i  by  Funk 


Wagnalls  Company,  1913. 


A   Specimen  entry  from 
Funk  and  Wagnalls  New  Standard  Dictionary 


K  ftp  g 

-S3? 


§3 |    III    -2 


ft£?~0oH"£i2§77   S-s'gg 

-■■—     ;o-5Sl2cia     SS     r 


a  °  *  " 
0  u 


M 

9 


5  >  1 


Is  ^  3  C  fl  »    O  r!     .  --< 


gca-oo  .a 


ffl 


J  ft 

a  2:   . 


I-sH  lils  ,=a°JSO  a 


•5  o  o^a§>;„  g"o 

;-.  ttb  u  w     "3  e  ©  © 

*  £§  ^a-IM'si^^g   gllilSg""0 


-  o  aiT 


iga 


iJS." 


£      a  a"- a 


be 

_>>g 

Is*' 


■S  J  b 

o  Jf— "£c     «  5  "  3  ag  ™  a>, 

•^aa-JSo     a  J;  g  V   .  >,  .  g 
2*  £q.°.2  a     ■oK-s'S.ai'S  -u 


?5S3 


1  «  Si, 


<~ 


_-  "S  i3  «:  o,  S  0^3 


■  S^o'^i      a.o." 


5-3 


2  aa 


o  a 


Miif^^i^fiiif  j^yj;|  h^ 


5  &    .2  S  2  ""■  q"! 


^•""Vaaoa'^^  u<<  c,ad  ?-""<^^  »    «    ncS  a^  e,os  a?  ►;  cj 
-  -    ':-  *CC  *C     *C    "S 

ca; 


5-0? 


Copyrighted  by  Funk  and  Wagnalls  Company,  1913. 


Directly  under  the  first  "rise"  given  on  the  sample  page  the 
word  is  respelled  how?  It  is  followed  by  what  small  superior 
letter,  raised  at  the  right  of  the  word?  This  means  that  the 
reformed  spelling  is  "rize,"  according  to  the  preferences  of  the 
American  Philological  Society,  a  company  of  learned  students  of 
language.  Words  followed  by  "S"  are  spellings  preferred  by  the 
Simplified  Spelling  Board.  Notice  that  the  word  is  respelled  twice 
for  pronunciation  according  to  different  sound  symbols,  and  that 
they  are  numbered  respectively  how  in  light  type?  These  two 
Keys  for  pronunciation  are  a  unique  and  important  feature  of  this 
dictionary.  As  they  require  special  attention  their  consideration 
will  be  reserved  until  other  features  are  explained. 

After  the  word  has  been  respelled  twice  for  pronunciation,  its 
part  of  speech  is  indicated,  in  this  case  by  "v,"  for  what?  The 
principal  parts  of  the  verb  are  then  given  in  brackets.  Is  reformed 
spelling  indicated  in  the  principal  parts?  But,  since  the  verb  is  both 
transitive  and  intransitive,  some  distinction  must  be  made.  The 
transitive  verb  is  treated  first  and  indicated  by  the  Roman  number 
one,  in  heavy  type,  followed  by  what  small  letter?  The  use  of  the 
verb,  as  transitive,  has  how  many  definitions?  Number  1  is  followed 
by  what  abbreviation  in  brackets?  This  abbreviation  means  that 
the  word  in  this  sense  is  colloquial;  that  is,  common  rather  than 
literary.  Abbreviations  used  in  the  dictionary  can  be  found  in 
regular  alphabetical  order  in  the  dictionary,  or  under  the  word 
abbreviation.     In  what  sense  is  number  3  used?     Number  2? 

The  second  use  of  the  verb  '"rise"  is  indicated  by  the  Roman 
number  two,  followed  by  what  letter  to  indicate  intransitive?  How 
many  definitions  are  given  under  the  verb,  intransitive?  The 
quotation  given  under  number  10  is  taken  from  what  authors? 
From  what  work?  On  what  page?  Of  an  edition  published  at 
what  date?  By  a  firm  abbreviated  how?  (Sh.  &  Co.,  means  Sheldon 
&  Co.)  A  list  of  publishers  referred  to  is  given  at  the  front  of 
the   dictionary,  p.  xxxvi. 

The  derivation  of  a  word  is  entered  in  the  Standard  dictionary, 
after  all  definitions  have  been  given.  In  this  case,  after  number  15. 
notice  that  in  brackets  a  character  appears,  which  looks  like  a  letter 
v  on  its  side,  with  the  opening  toward  "AS."  This  character  is 
used  to  indicate  the  derivation  of  a  word  by  placing  the  wide 
opening  towards  the  abbreviation  of  the  language  from  which  the 
word  is  derived.  What  is  the  abbreviation  in  this  case?  By  con- 
sulting the  general  vocabulary,  "AS"  is  found  to  mean  Anglo 
Saxon. 


50 


The  use  of  a  word  in  common  phrases  is  given  at  the  end  of 
all  other  information  regarding  the  word.  Notice,  "to  rise  from 
the  ranks,"  coming  at  the  end  of  "rise,  II.  i."  What  other  phrase  is 
given? 

What  part  of  speech  is  the  last  "rise"  on  the  page?  What 
very  small  figure  raised  at  the  right  appears?  This  indicates  that 
there  will  be  more  than  one  distinct  meaning  for  "rise"  used  as  a 
noun.  After  the  second  Key  for  the  pronunciation  of  "rise,  n," 
what  Roman  number  appears?  This  arbitrary  sign  "XIII"  indicates 
that  the  pronunciation  of  rise,  n.  is  disputed,  and  refers  to  the  table 
of  disputed  pronunciations,  pp.  2762-79. 

What  is  given  under  the  first  "ripple"  for  the  reformed  spelling 
of  the  word?  What  letter  is  raised  at  the  right  indicating  the 
authority?  How  many  times  is  "ripple"  separately  numbered  as 
a  verb  by  a  very  small  superior  figure  raised  at  the  right?  How 
many  times  as  a  noun?  How  many  uses  has  number  1  as  a  transi- 
tive verb?  How  many  as  an  intransitive?  Numbers  2  and  3  of 
"ripple,"  v.,  are  marked  how  for  transitive?  What  symbol  is  used 
to  indicate  derivation?  (etymology).  Under  which  "ripple,"  and 
which  number  of  it  does  this  symbol  appear?  This  symbol  calls 
attention  to  what  word,  instead  of  giving  the  language  directly? 
("rip,  1,  v,"  refers  to  the  verb  rip,  small  superior  number  1,  and 
indicates  that  the  derivation  of  "ripple"  is  the  same  as  that  given 
after  the  last  numbered  definition  of  "rip,"  verb,  number  1.)  Look 
up  the  reference  and  give  the  abbreviation  of  the  language  from 
which  it  comes.  If  the  meaning  of  this  abbreviation  is  not  known, 
consult  "Norw."  in  the  body  of  the  dictionary  and  follow  the 
reference  there  given. 

Under  "ripple,"  v.  1,  intransitive,  number  1,  the  quotation  used 
comes  from  what  author?  From  which  of  his  works?  On  which 
page?  In  the  edition  published  when?  By  the  firm  abbreviated 
how?  (The  publisher's  full  name  can  be  found  by  consulting  what 
part  of  the  complete  dictionary?) 

From  what  language  is  "ripe"  the  first  mentioned  verb  derived? 
From  what,  the  adjective?  In  what  sense  is  number  8  of  the 
adjective  used?  After  the  etymology  (derivation)  of  a  word  is 
given,  "synonyms"  or  words  similar  in  meaning  are  given,  if 
any,  marked  "Syn."  Following  synonyms,  "antonyms,"  or  words 
opposed  in  meaning  are  given,  if  any,  marked  "Ant."  Name  an 
antonym  for  ripe,  adjective.  How  many  nouns,  separately  num- 
bered, are  entered  under  the  word  "rip"?  After  "rip.  n.  6"  what 
character  appears?     Consult  the  top  of  the  sample  page,  near  the 

51 


end  of  Key  1,  and  name  the  significance  of  this  character.  After 
the  definition  of  "rip,  n.  4"  various  spellings  of  the  word  are  given, 
marked  with  what  character?  Name  the  significance  of  the  double 
dagger-  as  explained  at  the  top  of  the  page,  directly  after  that  of 
the  single  dagger.  The  British  spellings  of  certain  words  differ 
slightly  from  the  American  spellings;  "honor,"  for  example,  is 
usually  spelled  in  England  ''honour."  Are  variant  spellings  of  a 
word  placed  before  or  after  the  etymology  (derivation)  given 
under  the  current  spelling?  "Honour"  would,  therefore,  be  entered 
where  under  "honor,"  and  marked  how?  It  is  also  entered  under 
"honour,"  with  a  note  of  explanation. 

How  many  entries  are  given  under  "Ripley,  n.  1"?  Are  persons 
or  places  entered  first?  Are  persons  sub-arranged  alphabetically 
by  the  first  name?  Are  the  names  of  states  in  which  places  are 
located  sub-arranged  alphabetically?  George  Ripley  was  born  in 
what  year?  The  exact  month  is  indicated  by  what  number  for 
October?  The  10  is  followed  by  a  slant,  below  which,  what  number 
appears  to  indicate  the  day?  How  many  square  miles  has  Ripley 
county  in  Missouri?  What  is  its  county  seat?  Is  its  population 
given?  (The  population  of  places  is  given  at  the  back  of  this 
dictionary,  because  population  is  likely  to  change.)  If  the  dictionary 
is  available,  find  the  population.     In  what  state  is  number  6? 

Under  the  abbreviation  "R.  I.  P."  a  reference  is  made  to  what 
word?  If  the  dictionary  is  convenient,  determine  the  meaning  of 
this  abbreviation.  How  many  entries  are  given  under  "Rip  Van 
Winkle"?  Are  fictitious  names,  therefore,  entered  in  the  body  of 
this  dictionary?  Are  biographical  and  geographical  names  also  so 
entered?     Are  abbreviations  entered   in  alphabetical  order? 

When  information  in  connection  with  a  word  other  than  that 
pertaining  to  the  derivation  and  the  meaning  is  given,  it  is  usually 
entered  after  the  last  numbered  definition  unless  it  has  a  place  of 
its  own  in  regular  alphabetical  order.  A  specimen  entry  under  the 
word  "father"  from  the  Standard  Dictionary  is  inserted  herewith 
to  show  clearly  this  plan  of  sub-arrangement.  How  many  main 
numbered  definitions  are  given  under  "father,  n.?"  From  what 
language  does  father  come?  Notice  that  after  the  derivation, 
information,  with  father  as  the  main  word,  is  entered  in  a  strict 
sub-alphabetical  order  running  down  from  a,  and  emphasized 
by  heavy  type.  A  selected  number  of  these  entries  are  listed  in 
column  form  at  the  side  of  the  specimen  entry,  to  emphasize  this 
sub-arrangement. 


52 


Glance  down  the  line 
and  note  the  strict  sub- 
alphabetizing.  Read  the 
line  through  and  follow 
the  arrangement  in  the 
specimen  entry  itself. 

adoptive  father, 
f.     confessor. 
F.    General. 


•J3JpOqJ3>piUJ{     "j 

F.    of  Algebra. 

F.    of  America. 

F.    of  Angling. 

Read  all  under  "of" 
and  notice  the  sub- 
alphabetizing. 

f.    queller. 

f.    right. 

f.    rule. 

Fathers  of  the  Church. 
(Plural.)  (Apostolic 
and  Apologetic  Fa- 
thers are  sub-divi- 
sions under  Fathers, 
plural.) 

Great  White  F. 
Holy  F. 


Specimen  entry  under  father  from 
New  Standard  Dictionary 


fa'ther,  n.  1.  The  male  parent  of  a  child.  2.  Any  male 
ancestor;  more  particularly,  the  first  of  a  line;  fore- 
father; patriarch.  3.  One  standing  toward  another  or 
others  in  a  paternal  position;  one  acting  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  a  father;  as,  the  king  is  father  to  his  people. 

4.  [F-]  The  Deity;  God;  especially,  the  first  person  in 
the  Trinity. 

Our  Father  is  the  proper  designation  of  God  under  the  new  dis- 
pensation.     J.  B.  Walker  Doc.  Holy  Spirit  p.  117.  [a.  c.  o.  1874.1 

5.  A  member  of  the  ancient  Roman  senate;  as,  a  con- 
script father.  6.  One  who  or  that  which  causes  or 
originates  anything;  an  author;  founder;  as,  Homer  is 
the  father  of  epic  poetry;  the  wish  is  father  to  the 
thought.  "The  child  is  father  of  the  Man,"  Wordb- 
wokth  My  Heart  Leaps  Up  1.  7.  7.  A  man  held  in 
reverence.  Specif.:  (1)  A  Roman  Catholic  priest  who 
is  a  member  of  a  religious  fraternity:  In  the  United  States 
and  Ireland,  also,  a  secular  priest.  (2)  A  church  dignitary; 
confessor;  superior  In  a  monastery.  (3)  The  oldest  mem- 
ber of  a  class  or  body;  doyen;  as,  the  father  of  the  House. 
(4)  Any  aged  man,  particularly  a  clergyman:  chiefly  as  a 
title.  [  <  AS.  f seder. \  —  adoptive  father,  one  who  adopts 
another's  child.—  f.  confessor,  a  priest  who  confesses  a 
penitent.—  F.  General,  the  chief  of  the  Society  of  Jesus.— 
f.  In  God,  a  bishop,  as  being  divinely  appointed.—  fa'ther« 
In «law",  n.  1.  The  father  of  one's  spouse:  the  correlate 
of  son-in-law  and  of  daughter-in-law.  2.  [Colloq.,  Gt.  Brit] 
A  stepfather.— F.  Knickerbocker  [Humorous],  New  York 
city  personified.—  f.=long=legs,  n.  A  daddy-long-legs.— F. 
of  Algebra,  Francois  Viete  (Vieta),  the  foremost  algebraist 
of  the  16th  century.— F.  of  America,  Samuel  Adams. 
F.  of  the  American  Revolution*.— F.  of  Angling, 
Izaak  Walton.—  F.  of  Comedy,  Aristophanes.—  F.  of  Ec- 
clesiastical or  Church  History,  Euseblus.— F.  of  En- 
glish Learning,  Beda:  so  called  by  Burke.—  F.  of  English 
Poetry,  Chaucer:  so  called  by  Dryden.—  F.  of  English 
Prose,  Roger  Ascham.—  F.  of  Epic  Poetry,  Homer.—  F. 
of  German  Literature,  G.  E.  Lesslng.— F.  of  Greek 
Tragedy,  ^Eschylus.—  F.  of  his  Country.  1.  George 
Washington.  2.  Marcus  Tulllus  Cicero:  bestowed  upon 
him  by  the  Roman  senate  for  revealing  the  conspiracy  of 
Catiline.  The  title  was  later  given  to  some  of  the  Ca:sars, 
Cosmo  de  Medici,  and  certain  European  princes.  3.  An- 
dria  Dorea  (14GS-1560):  so  called  on  his  statue  at  Genoa. 
—  F.  of  his  People.  1.  Any  one  of  three  kings  of  France, 
Louis  XII.,  Henry  IV.,  and  Louis  XVIII.  2.  Christian  III. 
of  Denmark.—  F.  of  History,  Herodotus.—  F.  of  Jests, 
Joseph  Miller.—  F.  of  Letters.  1.  Francis  I.  of  France. 
2.  Lorenzo  de  Medici.—  f.  of  lies.  1.  Satan.  2.  Herod- 
otus.— F.  of  Medicine.  1.  Hippocrates.  2.  Aret:eoa 
of  Cappadocla  (2d  and  3d  centuries).— F.  of  Orthodoxy, 
Athanaslus.—  f.  of  the  chapel,  the  chairman  of  a  chapel 
of  printers.—  F.  of  the  Faithful.  1.  The  sultan  of  Turkey, 
as  calif  or  head  of  the  Mohammedan  faith:  first  applied 
to  Mohammed.  2.  Abraham.—  F.  of  Waters,  the  Missis- 
sippi river.— f.«quellert,  n.  One  who  kills  his  father;  a 
parricide.—  f.  «rlght,  n.  A  system  of  clan  organization  In 
which  the  child  takes  the  clan-name  of  the  father.  Com- 
pare mother-right.— f.»rule,  n.  Soclol.  Patriarchy.— f. 
sister  [Scot.],  the  sister  of  one's  father.— Fathers  of  the 
Church,  the  early  teachers  and  defenders  of  Christianity. 
They  are  divided  Into  the  anlenicene  and  the  postnicene,  as 
living  before  or  after  the  Council  of  Nice  (A.  D.  325).  The 
antentcene  Include,  among  others,  the  Apostolic  Fathers, 
contemporaries  of  the  a  pestles,  a  nd  the  Apologetic  Fathers, 
who  defended  Christianity  against  attacks  of  Jews  and 
pagans.  —  Great  White  F.,  the  President  of  the  United 
States:  so  called  by  the  American  Indians.— Holy  F.,  the 
Pope.—  Most  Keverend  F.  lu  God,  an  archbishop:  a  title 
of  address.— 


Copyrighted  by  Funk  and  Wagnalls  Company,  1913. 


53 


Who  has  been  called,  "Father  of  Epic  Poetry?"  Who  (besides 
George  Washington)  "Father  of  His  Country?"  Who,  the  "Great 
White  Father?" 

What  symbol  indicates  that  "f.  queller"  is  an  obsolete  word? 
Does  it  have  a  double  or  a  single  hyphen? 

Consult  the  word  ''queen"  in  the  dictionary,  and  tell  what  city 
has  been  called  "Queen  City  of  the  Lakes." 

Read  carefully  all  entries  on  the  page  summarizing  the  charac- 
teristic arrangement  of  material  in  Funk  and  Wagnalls  New 
Standard  Dictionary,  just  preceding  the  sample  page,  and  see  that 
each  item  is  clearly  understood.  Examine  as  many  of  the  tabu- 
lated subjects  under  section  3  as  possible,  and  describe  the  arrange- 
ment of  two  or  three. 

In  the  second  pronunciation,  numbered  2,  of  the  first  "rise" 
how  is  the  "i"  marked?  This  represents  the  marking  used  in 
text-books  and  older  dictionaries,  and  is  the  so-called  Text-Book 
Key,  referred  to  as  Key  2  in  this  dictionary.  Some  persons  are 
apt  to  think  that  they  are  complete  masters  of  the  Text-Book  Key, 
when,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  they  are  familiar  only  with  the  long  and 
the  short  marks,  as  indicated  by  the  use  of  the  macron  and  the 
breve,  of  the  sixty-four  symbols  which  comprise  the   old  system. 

How  is  this  (rise)  respelled  for  pronunciation  according  to 
Key  1?  What  letters  are  therefore  used  in  the  first  Key  to  stand 
for  the  sound  of  "i"  in  rise  or  long  "i"  in  the  second  Key?  Note 
that  the  shape  of  the  "a"  is  that  of  vertical  script.  See  "ripen"  on 
the  sample  page  for  another  illustration. 

All  phoneticians,  or  students  of  sound,  agree  that  this  "i" 
sound  is  a  diphthong  consisting  of  a  glide  from  "a"  as  in  "arm" 
to  "i"  as  in  "machine."  Pronounce  these  two  vowels  rapidly  in 
succession  and  mark  how  the  sound  is  formed  as  in  "aisle,"  the 
illustrative  word  given  at  the  top  of  each  odd  page.  (See  top  of 
sample  page,  Key  1.)  What  is  the  only  symbol,  therefore,  which 
will  always  appear  in  this  dictionary,  in  Key  1,  when  this  sound  of 
"i"  is  desired? 

As  Key  number  1,  known  as  the  Revised  Scientific  Alphabet, 
allows  but  one  symbol  for  each  sound,  the  respellings  for  pronun- 
ciation sometimes  appear  as  they  would  if  English  were  spelled 
phonetically,  or  strictly  according  to  sound.  The  two  Keys  are 
not  to  be  understood  as  based  upon  the  same  sound  principles. 
When  the  respective  Keys  are  thoroughly  understood,  the  use  of 
this  dictionary  becomes  doubly  valuable,  and  a  great  pleasure. 

54 


The  Revised  Scientific  Alphabet  was  devised  by  a  Joint 
Committee  of  the  American  Philological  Association,  the  Modern 
Languages  Association  and  the  Department  of  Superintendence 
of  the  National  Education  Association  in  1905  on  the  basis  of  the 
alphabet  of  the  American  Philological  Association  of  1877,  and 
was  introduced  into  the  Standard  Dictionary  at  their  urgent 
advice.  It  is  based  on  the  eight  natural  short  vowel  sounds 
in  our  language,  which  agree  with  the  values  they  have  in  the 
Continental  pronunciation,  and  in  the  French,  Spanish,  Italian, 
German,  and  Latin.  This  alphabet  allows  but  one  symbol  for 
each  sound;  hence,  it  is  scientific.  Unfortunately,  the  normal 
English  alphabet  has  only  five  vowel  characters — a,  e,  i,  o,  u. 
Since  a  dictionary's  pronouncing-key  requires  eight  symbols  to 
indicate  the  eight  vowel  sounds,  it  was  found  necessary  to  add 
three  new  symbols,  which  may  be  readily  recognized  as  indicating 
the  sounds  in  the  words  "artistic,"  "not,"  and  "but,"  as  shown  in 
the  plate  below.  The  sound  values  of  these  symbols  are  indicated 
by  the  words  printed  after  them. 

Vowel  Sounds  for  Key  1* 

The  modified  "a"  is  the  "a"  of  vertical  script; 
The  modified  "o"  is  "o"  with  a  breve  dropped  into  its  body; 
The  modified  "u"  is  a  small  capital  "u"  of  ordinary  type. 
In    certain    words    the    long   sound    differs    slightly    in    quality 
from   the   short   sound,    but    the   pairing   is   thoroughly    consistent. 


ft  in  fat       lengthened  to  'd  in  fare 

Q  "  artistic      "        "  (1  "   art 

e  "  get  "       "  e  "   prey 

1  "  hit  "       "  1   "  police 


O    "  obey      lengthened  to  O  ill  go 
<)  "  net 

n  "  full 

U  "but 


o  • 

er 

U  ' 

rule 

U  ' 

'  burn 

Copyrighted  by  Funk  and  Wagnalls  Company,  1913. 

Note  that  the  short  vowel-sounds  have  no  diacritic;  each 
character  stands  for  its  own  name-sound.  To  indicate  the  length- 
ened sound  the  macron  is  used,  which  is  the  only  mark  used  in 
this  dictionary,  and  stands  for  a  prolongation,  that  is,  a  real 
lengthening  of  the  name-sound. 

If  the  sound  of  "e"  in  "get,"  for  example,  is  prolonged,  it 
becomes  the  sound  of  "e"  in  what  word  according  to  the  plate? 
Prolong  the  sound  and  note  the  effect.  Whenever  this  sound  is 
desired,  it  is  represented  by  this  one  symbol  of  "e"  with  a  macron, 
long  e.  The  word  "say"  is,  therefore,  respelled  for  pronunciation, 
under  Key  1,  as  se,  long  e.     Accordingly,  how  are  the  words  given 

55 


belovr  respelled  for  pronunciation  under  Key  1? 

convey  great  vale  weigh 

gate  obey  veil  stale 

Test  the  markings  by  looking  the  words  up  in  the  dictionary. 

If  the  sound  of  'ti"  in  "hit"  is  prolonged,  it  becomes  the  sound 
of  "i"  in  what  word  according  to  the  plate?  Prolong  the  sound 
and  note  the  effect.  When  the  sound  of  "i"  in  "police"  is  desired,  it 
is   represented   in    Key   1   by   long   "i"   and   by  this   one   symbol   only, 

How  are  the  following  words  marked  according  to  Key  1? 
fear  mien  people  shriek 

lean  niece  seen  weary 

Test  the  markings  by  looking  the  words  up  in  the  dictionary. 

A  chart  of  the  symbols  in  the  respective  Keys  is  given  here- 
with. Practically  the  same,  in  a  greatly  condensed  form,  appears 
at  the  top  of  the  even  and  odd  facing  pages  of  the  dictionary. 
(See  top  of  sample  page.) 

Under  diphthongs,  second  column  of  the  plate  and  fifth  from 
the  top,  notice  what  the  symbol  is  for  "u"  as  in  "tube,"  according 
to  Key  1.  How,  then,  is  "tube"  marked  in  this  dictionary  for 
pronunciation  according  to  Key  1?  Mark  "beauty"  and  "pupil" 
each  according  to  both  Keys. 

Notice  near  the  end  of  the  third  column  giving  the  Keys,  that 
when  an  unstressed  sound  as  the  "a"  in  "sofa"  is  desired  it  is 
indicated  by  an  "a"  without  the  lower  right  hand  shank,  slightly 
resembling  an  inverted  "e,"  sometimes  called  a  "shankless  a"; 
an  unstressed  sound  as  of  "i"  in  "habit"  given  below  the  "shankless 
a"  is  indicated  by  omitting  what  from  the  regular  form  of  an  i? 
Directly  above,  notice  the  form  of  "a"  when  the  sound  as  in  "ask" 
is  desired. 

What  letters  would  be  used  in  Key  1  for  the  sound  of  "i"  in 
"riotry"?  What  symbol,  for  the  unstressed  vowel  sound  of  the 
"o"?  What,  for  the  unstressed  sound  of  "y"?  Give  the  complete 
respelling,  and  test  it  by  referring  to  "riotry,"  Key  1,  on  the 
sample    page.     Notice   the    delicate    shade    of   sound   thus   gained. 

Respell  for  pronunciation  three  or  four  of  the  following  words 
according  to  Key  1,  using  the  plate  as  a  guide;  test  the  markings 
by  looking  the  words  up  in  the  dictionary: 

abuse  duty  jerk  music 

beard  fast  love  pain 

bride  grain  mount  talk 

This,  in  brief,  explains  the  Scientific  Alphabet,  and  serves  to 
show  how  simple  it  is.  Further  information  on  the  subject  of  this 
pronouncing  alphabet  may  be  had  by  consulting  the  Department  of 
Spelling  and   Pronunciation    (pp.  xxiii-xxix)    of  this   dictionary. 

56 


Plate   showing    Keys   for   pronunciation. 


CO 

s  ft  *rj 

.—>    ft    ft 

w<  =• 

ft      ••  rS 

o         TO 

ft-        rt. 


o 


sr   3- 


5    ^ 


3    «> 

"S  3' 


a 


v{      f1  P 


G<    5. 


•2 

g=    a 
1.    I 

3 

TO 

V 

CL 


C     O    C     9*    9 


Ol    O 


ft! 


P   if     ■? 

C-  SO   O 

§1  & 

p   p   p 

CO     CO     00 

5'  5'  3' 

S    g.  g. 

.r*-  ft  j— 


•c>  P* 

;P    .p 

P       P 


Ol    O     (tu*<  pi 


ft     pi    p     pi    Q 


ft<     P  •    pi     p:    p 


S  f+ 

3  -l 

a.  s 

ft  » 


o  ©   g 

3  a-  s. 

-  -     &. 

o  £  * 

ft   1  o 
3-  ?/  s? 


p    p    p 

._    CO      CO      CO 

—  —TO  „.  —  «. 
3    3    §  3    3    3 

2  3   ^"TO    cr*3 
Z*   ©        ©    o    © 

3  ©   3    -       ft 

O     O     «sw     (D 

3,  a-  „**  f+  o 
S^o-P  £3 

a   £§<S.P'| 


p       p       p 

CO  CO  CO 

3  co 

3/  os,  3'  a  ~. 

to  a,3 

ET  >-*3  - 

j*  a-  3  c-TO 


r»5?  a 


« 


i* 


— ■»  . 


3" 

5  4 

z*  a 

CO 

a 


ry  g-  « 

S  ?T  a 


ft 

CO 

i 

2. 
ft" 


ft-   >s  " 

..    »      CO 

t?»       a 

3    S,^ 

3     &i° 

P   cT 

p-sr 

o 


5 

p 


►3  -" 

"^    3 

►*  a 

"  3  . 
3d" 

2.  a 
5  V 

r+  V 

3*  a 

^  35 
i-j  33 
ft     ft 


3     3  « 

a  p  c 

►*        1  f 

„«■  cr.  n 

CO  73 

ft    ft-  1-9 

g    ft'  W 

H 


£.5 

3  S" 


Cjl         g>«3    TO 

&      ?L3  ^ 


ft  „. 

3   3 


3   3* 
C 


TO  - 

«<  3 


3 
TO 

p    p 

CO      CO 

3  -•  3 


5;  a 

3   - 

cT 

cr  s 
p  <a 


^  2.  pi  £•  g 

w  e>  d  &  o 

-  -•  c 

ft  r*  O 


P  P 

5'  £.3* 

«3     ftv, 


«<l 


P 
CO 


3     3     3 


5-fIJ, 


c^ 


3     >>- 


s  ^ 

CL  p 

-  rt 

f+  o- 

S  3 

cr  - 


3-cr 


Hi 


1-StQ 


cr  , 

o    -i 

O     S     3 

<3    "3     ft 
co     3;  W$ 


s       a 

ft      Cb    CO. 

^TOP 

a  ft->3 
e      a- 

ft-         3 

ft 


i5^ 


ft    2 


r<    cr 


13     « 


3        % 
c 

TO 


P 

m  CLft  cr  co 

ft-  Q    1-1    —  • 
ft  ,      TO    ft    -) 

co       TO  S  B 

3°S  ^S 
ft  ft  ft  g 

^  <j  3  s 
p~  EL  ft  ^ 

«<     ft  ^ 

gc  p  2 
3   <   rt-- 


v     3 

II 

) 


g,-  g,   s 


p 
ft 
o 
B 
p 

f    3    ro    05 

rt-3    (t 

►3  P*3  s- 
ft  >i  a  3 

CO    ft-  2 

S^  P  co 

'   3     ~ 

3    3> 

•<  3 

co  a 
"p  ^r" 

p      5 


<-  i  ^ 

3  ELS 


p 

N 

cn 

i—>. 

n 

N 

tc 

3" 

p1 

kft 

cr 

TO- 

3" 

K0 

p 

P 

p 

P 

P 

P 

CO 

< 

co 

C    CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

f» 

3* 

c 

3" 

*   3' 

p   3 

3 

'-_. 

5' 

3 

r 

a 

3 

p 

3  e^ 

ft 

C4 

CO 

r 

- 

a 

h4,  S. 

S. 

3" 

- 

o 

-i 

3  - 

3 

t> 

>• 
H 

< 

3" 

a 

ft 

"  & 

tQ_ 

2_ 

1 

3 

CO 

ft 

o'  '•" 

pi*" 

co' 

i5" 

cr 
S 

o 

>< 

H 

a 

3 
ft 
ft 

a 

3  S* 

p  § 

a-  ft 

c 

-I 
o 

p 

O 

3 

a 

CO 

f* 

co' 

5'_ 

ft  3 
8. 

"3 

■-5' 

P 

cr 

o 
3 

M 

3 

r». 

ft 

01 

3    H 


ft-    r& 

3-   N) 
O    -. 


5.  p 


P  ft  !-►, 

M     3  p 

<<     t-  o 

<     «■  ft 

=,•  O  w 

rt-    W  P 

3*   ft  TO 

ft    ^  ft 

H     ^  H- 

3  2. 

r  h  ": 

td  H*  =r 

O   n  n 

O         »  Q, 


1^1  ft 


ft 
N)   P 


g.   P 


r-'M 


cn  p 
o'  5' 

3 

K  ^ 
3i  m 
ft    vj 

>   - 


p  ft 

cr  >3 

ft  3 

ft-  -• 

^  £L 

3:  ft 

—  3 

c  rt" 

t/1  rt- 

ft  o 

ft  ft 


GROUP  2: 

A.  DICTIONARIES. 

B.  COMPARATIVE  TABLE. 

C.  GROWTH  OF  DICTIONARIES. 


B:  COMPARATIVE  TABLE 

of  the  Characteristic  Arrangement  of  Material  in  the 
Last  Editions  of  the  Three  Leading  Dictionaries. 


Items 

Standard 

Webster 

Century 

1. 

Characters    in    stand- 
ard   fiction ;    mythol- 
ogy ;    art ;    etc. : 

Order 

Upper  or  lower 

Vol.    XL 

2. 

Title*    of    prominent 
books : 

Few 

Few 

Many,    Vol.    XL 

3. 

Dates : 

Under   event 
and   Sp.  ed., 
day   by   day 

Under  event 
and    sp.    ed.. 
Index 

Under   event   and 
back   of   Vol.    XI. 

4. 

Abbreviations: 

Order   &  word 
"Abbreviation" 

Upper  or  lower 

Order 

5. 

Quotations     in     con- 
nection   with    words: 

Author    and 
work  exact 

Only   author 

Author    and    work 

6. 

Reformed  spelling : 

Order    and 
under    current 

Lower  ;    as 
reformed 

Supplement ;    as 
reformed 

7. 

Geography : 

Order 

Back  ;    gazet- 
teer 

Vol.     XL 

8. 

Population : 

Back 

Back;     gazet- 
teer 

Vol.    XL    and    Atlas 

9. 

Table  of  disputed 
pronunciation  : 

Back 

Front 

10. 

Flags: 

Word  "flag" 

Front 

Word    "flag" 

11. 

State   seals : 

Word  "seal" 

Front 

Word    "seal" 

12. 

Biography : 

Order 

Back 

Vol.    XL 

13. 

Foreign   phrases : 

Order  or  back 

Upper  or  lower 

Order,    when    given 

14. 

Illustrations  ;  Plates  ; 
Tables : 

Order 

Order ;     front 
back 

Order 

15. 

Signs  and  signals  : 

Word  "signal" 

Front 

16. 

National   coats 
of   arms  : 

Word    "coat" 

Front 

17. 
18. 

Synonyms  : 
Antonyms  : 

Last ;    sub- 
alphabetical 
After   "Syn" 

Last 
None 

Last 
None 

19. 

Arrangement  of 
material : 

One   alphabeti- 
cal   order 

Divided    page 
and    appendix 

12  vols.,  each  with 
supplement 

20. 

Derivation  : 
(Etymology) 

After    last 
definition 

First 

First 

21. 

First  order  of 
meaning: 

Common 

Historical 

Historical 

22. 

Prefixes  and  suffixes  : 

Order 

Order 

Order 

23. 

Diacritical  marking: 

Two  Keys  : 
too   of  page 

Bottom    of 

page 

Front    of    each    vol. 

58 


24.  a.     Encyclopaedic   information;   that  is,   information  other 

than  the  meaning  and  derivation  of  words,  is  ar- 
ranged in  sub-alphabetical  order  after  the  last  num- 
bered definition  of  the  word  itself,  if  not  in  regular 
order. 

b.  Phrases    in    common   use   are    entered   after   all   other 
information  regarding  the  main  word  of  the  phrase. 

c.  Much     valuable     miscellaneous     information     can     be 
found  in  recent  dictionaries. 

25.  Earlier  editions  of  the  Standard  and  of  the  Webster  dic- 
tionaries gave  only  words  in  the  vocabulary  in  the  body  of  the 
dictionary,  entering  miscellaneous  information  such  as  abbrevia- 
tions, foreign  phrases,  fictitious  names,  biography,  geography,  etc., 
in  separate  vocabularies  at  the  back. 

„    26.     Modern  dictionaries  give  valuable  grammatical  notes  un- 
der important  words  such  as  shall,  can,  differ,  etc. 


59 


PROBLEMS   ON  THE  USE   OF  THE  LAST  EDITIONS   OF 
THREE  LEADING  DICTIONARIES. 

Numbers  following  the  problems  refer  to  the  Comparative 
Table. 

1.  a.  The  motto  of  the  state  of  Colorado,  on  the  seal,  should 
be  looked  for  where  in  the  different  dictionaries?     11. 

b.  The  meaning  of  the  motto  should  be  looked  for  where? 
13  and  25. 

2.  From  what  classical  author  the  motto  of  the  Detroit 
Board  of  Education,  "Sic  itur  ad  astra,"  is  taken  and  what  it 
means,  should  be  looked  for  where?     13  and  25. 

3.  The  area  of  Texas,  for  example,  should  be  looked  for 
where?     7  and  25. 

4.  A  table  of  authorities  for  the  disputed  pronunciation,  e.  g. 
"tomato,"  should  be  looked  for  where?  9.  If  the  pronunciation 
of  a  word  is  disputed,  the  Standard  dictionary  calls  attention  to 
the  fact  by  inserting  the  Roman  number  XIII;  the  Webster  by 
inserting  277.  These  numbers  call  attention  to  the  Table  of  dis- 
puted pronunciations. 

5.  The  date  of  the  granting  of  the  Magna  Charta  should  be 
looked  for  where?     3. 

6.  The  reformed  spelling  for  "tongue"  could  be  found  by 
using  which  dictionary?     6. 

7.  The  meaning  of  the  phrases,  "putting  heads  together," 
''haul  over  the  coals,"  "according  to  Hoyle,"  should  be  looked  for 
where?     24:  b. 

8.  The  length  of  the  Amazon  river  should  be  looked  for 
where?     7  and  25. 

9.  The  author  of  the  "Origin  of  Species,"  ar»  important  scien- 
tific work  of  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century,  should  be 
looked  for  where?     2. 

10.  The  dates  of  the  life  of  Milton  should  be  looked  for 
where?     12  and  25. 

11.  The  weather  signal  for  a  storm  should  be  looked  for 
where?     15. 

12.  The  population  of  Denver  should  be  looked  for  where?    8. 

13.  Characters  in  standard  fiction,  "Viola,"  for  example, 
should  be  looked  for  where?     1  and  25. 

60 


14.  The  names  of  the  Three  Fates  should  be  looked  for 
where?     (Try  Fates  and  Three  separately.)     1. 

15.  The  meaning  of  the  abbreviation  f.  o.  b.  should  be  looked 
for  where?     4  and  25. 

16.  Which  dictionary  introduces  a  new  system  of  respelling 
for  pronunciation?     23. 

17.  The  national  coat  of  arms  of  Italy,  for  example,  should 
be  looked  for  where?     16. 

18.  The  flag  of  Siam  should  be  looked  for  where?     10. 

19.  Which  dictionary  gives  the  common  meaning  of  a  word 
first?     Which  the  historical  meaning?     21. 

Consult  the  words  "barbarian,  n."  and  "gentle,  a."  in  both 
the  Webster  and  the  Standard  dictionary  and  notice  that  the 
order  of  definitions  in  each  dictionary  is  the  reverse  of  the 
other. 

20.  Under  what  plan  of  sub-alphabetizing  are  large  topics 
entered  in  recent  dictionaries?    24:  a. 

21.  a.  Words  opposed  in  meaning,  antonyms,  should  be 
looked  for  in  which  dictionary?     18. 

b.  Are  synonyms  given  by  each  of  the  three  dictionaries, 
and  where  are  they  entered?  17.  Which  one  enters  synonyms  in 
sub-alphabetical  order? 

22.  Which  dictionary  gives  only  author  for  quotations  cited, 
and  which  is  most  exact  in  giving  work,  page,  edition,  etc.?     5. 

23.  How  can  the  correct  use  of  an  important  word,  e.  g. 
"shall,"  be  determined?     26. 

24.  How  can  the  significance  of  prefixes  and  suffices  be 
found,  such  as  "im,"  "un,"  "anti,"  "ous,"  "ing,"  "al?"     22. 

25.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  dictionary  and  form  one  or  two 
individual  reference  problems. 


61 


GROUP  2: 

A.   DICTIONARIES. 

B.  COMPARATIVE  TABLE. 

C.  GROWTH    OF    DICTIONARIES. 

C:  GROWTH  OF  DICTIONARIES. 

The  following  dictionaries  should  be  recognized,  at  least  by 
name,  as  being  important  in  the  history  of  the  growth  of  diction- 
aries, although  the  list  contains  but  a  few  of  more  than  150  in 
all.  See,  for  interesting  accounts  of  the  growth  of  dictionaries, 
Tucker:  Our  Common  Speech;  Vizetelly:  Essentials  of  English 
Speech  (chapters  on  Dictionaries),  and  Murray:  Evolution  of 
English  Lexicography.  See  also  in  preface  to  Worcester's  dic- 
tionary. 

1604     Robert    Cawdrey,   practically   the    first    English   dictionary. 
1616     John     Bulloker.       1623     Henry     Cockeram.       1656     Thomas 

Blount.     1658,  Phillips. 
1721     Nathan    Bailey:    The    first    dictionary   to    introduce    common 

words   with    derivation;    earlier    dictionaries   gave    only   hard 

words.      Passed    through   many   editions.     The   most   impor- 
tant  of  the   early   dictionaries. 
1753     John  Wesley.     A  leader  of  the  Methodist  denomination. 
1755     Samuel  Johnson:  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,  2  vols. 

An  exceedingly  important  work  in  the  development  of  dic- 
tionaries.     Introduced    quotations. 
1791      Walker:    Critical    pronouncing    dictionary;    for    many    years 

an  authority  on  pronunciation. 
1806-1913     Over    one    hundred    years    of    various    editions    of    the 

Webster    dictionaries. 

1806     Small  volume;   1807,   another  form. 

1828     Two  volumes,  Unabridged;  1840,  another  edition. 

1847     One  volume,  Unabridged;   1859,  another  edition. 

1864     A    distinct    revision    of    the    unabridged,    one    volume; 
1879,   another   edition;   1884,  another  edition. 

1890     International;   1900,  another  edition. 

1909     New  international,  divided  page  edition;   1913,  another 
edition. 
1836     Richardson;   emphasized   quotations   as   a  means  of   defining 

words,   and  minimized   definitions;   strong  in   etymology. 
1850     Ogilvie:  Imperial  dictionary.     Tn  its  latest  form,  1882,  issued 

in  4  volumes.     Served  as  a  basis  for  the  Century. 
1871      Stornmouth,    without    engravings    or    quotations.      Excellent. 
1860     Worcester:    Universal    and    critical    dictionary.      For    many 

years   considered  on   a   par  with   Webster;   previous   editions 

in   1827,  1830,  1835,  1846,  1855. 
1879-88     Encyclopaedic:   Hunter  dictionary,  7  volumes. 

62 


1893-1913  Funk  and  Wagnalls:  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  Eng- 
lish language,  in  1893.  New  Standard  Dictionary  of  the 
English  language,  in  1913. 

1897  Century  dictionary,  cyclopedia,  and  atlas.  10  vols.  1913, 
revised  edition  in  12  volumes. 

1884  First  volume  issued  of  the  great  Murray:  New  English  dic- 
tionary. (Oxford  dictionary.)  In  ten  large  volumes,  each 
one  nearly  as  large  as  a  Webster  dictionary. 

How  quaint  and  amusing  the  following,  from  title  pages  of 
old  dictionaries,  in  the  early  English  spelling,  seem  to  us  now. 
(More  fully  described  in  Tucker:  Our  common  speech.) 

The  following  is  from  the  preface  of  the  Cawdrey  dictionary, 
of  1604: 

"A  Table  Alphabetical!,  conteyning  and  teaching  the  true 
writing,  and  understanding  of  hard  usual  English  wordes,  bor- 
rowed from  the  Hebrew,  Greeke,  Latine,  or  French,  &c,  with  the 
interpretation  thereof  by  plaine  English  words,  gathered  for  the 
benefit  &  helpe  of  ladies,  gentlewomen,  or  any  other  unskilfull 
persons,  whereby  they  may  the  more  easilie  and  better  understand 
many  hard  English  wordes,  which  they  shall  heare  or  read  in 
scriptures,  sermons,  or  elsewhere,  and  also  be  able  to  use  the  same 
aptly  themselves.  *  *  *  If  thou  be  desirous  (gentle  reader)  rightly 
and  readilly  to  understand,  and  profit  by  this  table,  and  such  like, 
then  thou  must  learn  the  alphabet,  to  wit,  the  order  of  the  letters 
as  they  stand,  perfectly  without  book,  and  where  every  letter 
standeth:  as  (b)  neere  the  beginning,  (n)  about  the  middest,  and 
(t)   toward  the  end." 

The  preface  of  the  Blount  dictionary  of  1656  announces  that 
it  was  prepared 

"For  the  more-knowing  women,  and  the  less-knowing  men;  or 
indeed  for  all  such  of  the  unlearned,  who  can  but  find  in  an  alpha- 
bet the  word  they  understand  not." 

John  Wesley,  in  1753,  felt  justified  in  stating  that 

"The  author  assures  you,  he  thinks  this  is  the  best  English 
dictionary  in  the  world." 

The  following  is  the  famous,  amusing,  bungling,  and  practic- 
ally meaningless  definition  of  "network"  as  given  by  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson  in  his  wonderful  dictionary  of  1755:  "Anything  reticulated 
or  decussated,  at  equal  distances,  with  interstices  between  the 
interesctions." 

The  careful  explanation  of  what  an  alphabetical  order  of  words 
is,  reveals  the  fact  that  this  was  a  new  plan  at  that  time.     A  dic- 

63 


tionary  published  in  1554  (Withals)  collected  words  under  class 
headings.  Words  related  to  the  water,  for  example,  such  as  fish, 
sea,  ships,  were  classed  together.  Days  of  the  week,  seasons  of 
the  year,  words  related  to  the  sky,  and  other  classes,  were  simi- 
larly entered. 

The  Cockeram  dictionary  was  the  first  to  introduce  anything 
like  allusions.  Part  three  is  announced  as  treating  of  "Gods  and 
Goddesses,  Men  and  Women,  Boyes  and  Maides,  Giants  and 
Diuels,  Birds  and  Beasts,  Monsters  and  Serpents,  Wells  and 
Riuers,  Herbes,  Stones,  Trees,  Dogges,  Fishes,  and  the  like." 
Murray:   English   lexicography,  page  29. 

The  Murray  dictionary,  a  specimen  page  of  which  follows,  is 
the  most  exhaustive  language  dictionary  that  has  ever  been  com- 
piled for  any  language.  The  sample  is  taken  from  the  upper  half 
of  the  page  giving  the  word  "stand."  In  the  complete  dictionary 
there  are  fifteen  full  size  pages,  thirty  times  the  amount  represented 
by  the  sample,  devoted  to  the  different  meanings  and  phases  of  this 
one  word  "stand."  The  number  of  definitions  under  its  different 
meanings  would  exceed  one  hundred. 

Notice  that  each  separate  meaning  of  the  word  is  treated  in 
strict  historical  order.  The  date  of  its  earliest  available  recorded 
use  is  given  first,  followed  by  subsequent  uses  with  dates,  each 
use  illustrated  by  a  quotation  most  carefully  cited,  and  given  in 
the  spellings  of  the  original.  Such  a  collection  of  quotations 
shows  clearly  how  the  spelling  of  certain  words  has  differed  in 
different  centuries  and  that  "spelling  reform"  has  not  been  con- 
fined to  our  own  time.  Consult  the  first  quotation  on  the  page 
under  date  of  1500,  taken  from  the  "Gest  of  Robyn  Hode,"  and 
indicate  how  each  of  the  following  words  was  spelled  at  that  time: 
stead;  stand;  great;  need;  have. 

Notice  that  "have"  is  spelled  with  a  "u"  instead  of  a  "v."  The 
introduction  of  the  letter  "v"  is  of  later  date.  The  history  of  each 
letter  in  the  alphabet  is  given  in  most  dictionaries  as  the  first  entry 
under  the  letter.  "J,"  "I,"  "W"  each  has  an  interesting  history. 
At  the  top  of  the  second  colume,  date  1625,  is  "have"  spelled  with 
"u"?  Under  number  53,  date  1610,  how  is  "love"  spelled?  In  the 
third  column,  near  the  top,  date  1688,  how  is  "have"  spelled?  In 
what  part  of  what  century,  therefore,  did  the  change  probably 
take  place? 


64 


Specimen  Entry   From 
MURRAY:  NEW  ENGLISH  DICTIONARY,  Sometimes  Called  the  Oxford  Dictionary. 


•T       Et~-0  Orra        ^       '" 

rt  s,  ?■  ~  3  a-    " 


,  r?-^  9 


' 

--- 

J 

K 

" 

0 

0 

n 

C 

3 

•: 

•rV 

P 

*< 

>< 

£ 

^-sS^lvlJi^r&g-SiSi'  s-Hif  o-^^o^rS! 


o  z 


£,N^V  *  *  *r3~  "fe£  "  S"vo^?"  ^^TS.T     W    £    _  jj»1)  CoO(i«wr.MM     <£>    J*>~  <T>        o^  "£  H  SOS11—0  0  •         Kt 


n  hn"  : 


5-ff  23.  CO 


Under  number  50,  date  1205,  give  the  spelling  for  each  of  the 
following:  right;  hand;  let;  stand.  Name  the  other  dates  under 
number  50.  Under  number  53  the  first  quotation,  date  1606,  is 
taken  from  what  author?  From  which  act,  scene,  and  line  of  his 
Antony  and  Cleopatra?  Under  1610  a  quotation  is  given  from 
which  act,  scene,  line  of  his  Tempest?  Under  1712  a  quotation 
is  given  from  which  number  and  which  paragraph  of  Addison's 
Spectator?  Notice  how  differently  words  were  capitalized  at  that 
date.  Number  51  is  preceded  y  a  dagger  which  indicates  that 
it  is  now  obsolete.  What  is  the  difference  in  the  meaning  of  "stand" 
under  58b  and  58a?     Which  use  is  the  older? 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  GROWTH  OF  DICTIONARIES. 

1.  When,  and  by  whom,  was  practically  the  first  English 
dictionary  prepared? 

2.  What  Methodist  leader  prepared  a  dictionary,  and   when? 

3.  Which  of  the  early  dictionaries  first  included  common 
words? 

4.  What  early  dictionary,  in  two  volumes,  lias  been  of  im- 
portance in  the  development  of  dictionaries,  and  when  was  it 
issued? 

5.  What  dictionary  most  emphasized  the  use  of  quotations 
in  defining  words?     When? 

6.  When  was  the  first  edition  of  Webster's  Unabridged  dic- 
tionary issued? 

7.  Under  what  different  titles  have  complete  editions  of 
Webster's  dictionaries  been  issued,  and  at  what  date  for  each? 

8.  How  many  editions  has  the  Standard  dictionary  passed 
through?     Give  dates. 

9.  What  is  the  most  exhaustive  dictionary  ever  compiled  for 
any  language,   and  at  what   date   was   the   first  volume   issued? 

10.  Are  quotations  cited  with  exact  accuracy  in  the  Murray 
dictionary? 

11.  What  early  dictionaiw  has  long  been  considered  an  au- 
thority  on   pronunciation? 

12.  What  important  modern  dictionary,  with  atlas,  has  been 
issued  in  12  volumes? 

13.  About  what  date  was  the  arrangement  of  words  in  al- 
phabetical order   for  a   dictionary  a   novel   idea? 

14.  Name  as  many  as  possible  of  the  different  dictionaries  of 
the  English  language  that  have  been  produced,  regardless  of  the 
date. 

66 


GROUP   3: 

A.  ENCYCLOPAEDIAS. 

B.  ENCYCLOPAEDIAS  AND 

DICTIONARIES    OF 
SPECIAL   SUBJECTS. 

A:  ENCYCLOPEDIAS. 

1.  Though  all  general  encyclopaedias  have  the  one  purpose  of 
imparting  some  information  on  almost  any  topic,  and  of  arranging 
the  material  in  one  alphabetical  order  like  a  large  dictionary  in 
several  volumes,  yet  we  should  realize  that  each  encyclopaedia  has 
its  individual  scope,  just  as  schools  and  teachers  have  one  large 
aim,  but  different  ways  of  accomplishing  it.  To  know  the  methods 
of  dividing  large  subjects,  the  plan  of  crossing  from  one  reference 
to  another,  "cross  references,"  the  probability  of  a  long  or  a  concise 
or  of  a  scientific  or  popular  treatment  of  the  subject,  the  effect  of 
the  date  of  the  article,  the  class  of  subjects  included  or  excluded  in 
different  encyclopaedias,  is  essential  for  good  reference  work.  An 
English  encyclopaedia,  of  course,  would  be  likely  to  give  fuller 
and  better  articles  for  subjects  pertaining  to  England  than  for 
those  pertaining  to  America.  An  article  on  Cincinnati,  for  example, 
would  doubtless  be  more  satisfactory  in  the  New  international 
encyclopaedia  or  in  the  Americana  than  it  would  be  in  the  Britan- 
nica.     London  would  be  given  in  greater  detail  in  the  Britannica. 

2.  Below  is  given  an  illustration  of  the  letters  as  they  appear 
on  the  backs  of  the  first  few  volumes  of  the  second  edition  of  the 
New  international  encyclopaedia. 


Vol.  I.    Vol.  II.    Vol.  III.    Vol.  IV.     Vol.  V.    Vol.  VI.    Vol.  VII. 

A  Achai  Beed  Buck        Chaucer        Cory  Domi 

Archae     Beec  Buch  Chat        Corv  Dome        Euth 


Notice  that  it  requires  a  little  thought  to  see  in  just  which 
volume  the  desired  subject  is  entered.  Buffalo,  for  example,  would 
be  in  which  volume? 

3.  Under  "Buffalo,"  items  with  "Buffalo"  as  part  of  the  name, 
are  given: 

Buffalo,  (the  animal)  Buffalo,  bird  Buffalo,  grass 

Buffalo,   (the  city)  Buffalo,  fish  Buffalo,  moth 

Buffalo,  berry  Buffalo,  gnat  Buffalo,  nut 
Buffalo    Bill 

67 


4.  Under  Buffalo  Bill  we  read,  "see  Cody,  Wm.  F."  This  is  a 
"cross  reference"  because  it  is  necessary  to  cross  over  to  the  pages 
under  "Cody,"  to  find  the  information.  Cody  was  Buffalo  Bill's 
real  name,  and  reference  books  usually  prefer  to  give  information 
about  a  person  under  the  real  name  rather  than  under  an  assumed 
name. 

Under  Buffalo  bird,  at  the  end  of  the  article,  we  read  "(1)  An 
oxpecker,  q.  v."  This  is  another  kind  of  "cross  reference."  The 
abbreviation,  "'q.  v.,"  coming  from  the  Latin  "quod  vide,  '  means 
"which  see."  Therefore,  see  under  "oxpecker,"  in  the  encyclopaedia, 
for  more  information  about  "Buffalo  bird." 

5.  Under  Buffalo,  the  city,  and  this  is  true  for  large  cities  in 
general,  the  article  is  quite  extensively  subdivided,  as  follows: 

a.  Description  d.     Government 

b.  Institutions  e.     History 

c.  Commerce  and  Industry.  f.      Map  of  City. 


6.  Articles  under  countries,  like  those  under  cities,  are  sub- 
divided, some  more  extensively  than  others.  The  following  general 
heads  are  the  main  ones  usually  given  under  countries,  in  most 
encyclopaedias: 

h.  Transportation  p. 

i.  Commerce  q. 

j.  Banks  r. 

k.  Government 

1.  Education 

m.  Population 

n.  Religion 

o.  Army  and   Navy 


a.  Topography 

b.  Climate 

c.  Map 

d.  Flora    (trees, 
flowers,   etc.) 

e.  Fauna  (animals) 

f.  Agriculture 

g.  Manufactures 


Colonies 
History 
Bibliography 
(lists     of     good 
books  sometimes 
headed  "Author- 
ities" or  "Refer- 
ences.") 


Most  other  large  subjects,  such  as  "Drama,"  for  example,  are 
also  divided  into  many  sub-topics.  It  is  advisable  to  glance  at  the 
sub-topic  headings  before  reading  the  entire  article,  thus  quickly 
locating  the  particular  information  desired. 

7.  The  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  has  prepared  a  very  exhaus- 
tive index  which  should  be  used  when  all  the  information  which 
the  encyclopaedia  gives  on  any  one  subject  is  desired.  This  index 
is  a  kind  of  alphabetical  arrangement  of  "cross  references." 

68 


Specimen  entry  under  "Architecture" 

from  the  Index  to  the 

11th  Edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica. 

ARCHITECTURE  2-369d;  4- 
762b;    10-363c;    Abys- 
sinian 12-232a;   Cop- 
tic 2-391b;  Central 
American    (ancient)    5- 
677d;    design   8-95d; 
development  in   Eng- 
land  9-521b;    domestic: 
see    House;    English    19th- 
century  ideals  2-436b; 
Gothic    revival,    English 
and  French  2-432a; 
Greek    revival    (19th    cent.) 
2-427b;   Hittite  remains 
13-537a;    Mexican   aborigi- 
nal buildings  5-441b;  mod- 
ern 2-427a;   Parthian  2- 
380d;  Pompeian  buildings 
22-55a;  Renaissance  2- 
408a;   Roman  2S-591d;   soci- 
eties  25-316d;    Syrian    2- 
389b;  26-309a;   terracotta 
26-657d;  Vitruvius'  influ- 
ence 28-150d.     See   also 
under  ancient  civilizations 
and  leading  modern  coun- 
tries. 

In  the  specimen  entry  under  "Architecture,"  notice  that  the  first 
reference  is  to  volume  2  page  369d,  which  is  the  main  article  on 
"Architecture."  The  letter  following  the  page  indicates  parts  of  a 
column;  ''a"  the  upper  and  "b"  the  lower  part  of  the  first  column; 
"c"  the  upper  and  "d"  the  lower  part  of  the  second  column. 
Information  regarding  architecture  can  also  be  found  under  many 
other  articles  in  the  encyclopaedia,  such  as  "Design,"  "House," 
names  of  different  countries,  etc.  The  purpose  of  the  index  is  to 
reveal  all  articles  which  give  important  information  on  any  subject 
and  to  guide  to  the  exact  pages  on  which  it  may  be  found.  The 
preparation  of  such  an  index  has  meant  an  enormous  amount  of 
work  at  heavy  expense;  its  great  value  and  its  usefulness  are  too 
little   appreciated.     One   can   often   find,   by   means   of   this   index, 

69 


some  very  obscure  point  which  would  otherwise  be  hopelessly 
buried  in  scattered  volumes  of  the  set.  The  second  reference  in 
the  specimen  entry  is  to  volume  4,  page  762b.  This  information 
comes  under  the  article  "Building."  Again,  in  volume  10,  page 
363c,  information  on  architecture  will  be  found  under  "Fine  Arts." 
Notice  from  this  specimen  entry  that  the  topics  are  listed  in  the 
index  in  alphabetical  order.  What  volume,  what  page,  what  part 
of  the  page  would  give  information  on  "Hittite  remains?" 

8.  Both  the  New  interntaional  and  the  eleventh  edition  of  the 
Britannica  encyclopaedias  give  a  separate  guide  to  related  articles 
on  different  subjects.  For  example,  when  information  is  desired 
on  a  subject,  such  as  chemistry,  philosophy,  law,  etc.,  prominent 
leaders  and  related  topics  too  remote  to  appear  in  an  index  or  a 
cross-reference,  should  be  considered.  Information  given  about 
them,  however,  would  be  under  the  name  of  the  person  or  the 
topic  rather  than  under  the  subject,  and  one  might  not  know 
these  names. 

a:  In  the  New  international  encyclopaedia  a  guide  is  given  in 
a  separate  volume,  entitled,  "Courses  of  reading  and 
study." 

b:  In  the  Britannica,  a  guide  is  given  at  the  end  of  the  index, 
as  a  "Classified  list  of  articles." 

9.  Encyclopaedias  do  not  usually  include  foreign  or  common 
phrases;   these  should  be  looked   for  in   dictionaries. 

10.  Most  encyclopaedias  list  common  abbreviations  under  the 
word,  "Abbreviations." 

11.  The  value  of  an  article  in  an  encyclopaedia  is  determined 
largely  by  its  author,  particularly  if  the  subject  should  require 
the  knowledge  of  a  specialist.  If  an  article  is  written  by  a 
specialist  it  is  usually  signed  by  the  name  or  the  initials  of  the 
author,  at  the  end  of  the  article,  or  indicated  in  the  contents  of 
the  volume. 

A  place  on  any  map  in  the  Britannica  can  be  found  by  using 
its  index,  as  any  other  atlas  index  would  be  used.  Consult  the 
following  specimen  entry  under  "Detroit."  The  references  for 
cities  come  first  and  are  sub-arranged  in  alphabetical  order  by 
states.  The  first  reference  is  to  Detroit  in  Alabama,  which  could 
be  located  on  the  map  in  volume  1,  page  460,  square  A-l.  In 
which  volume,  page  and  square  could  Detroit,  Minn.,  be  -found? 
Detroit,  Texas?  How  many  places  by  the  name  of  Detroit  are 
entered?  Give  the  volume,  page,  part  of  page  for  each  reference 
under  Detroit.  Mich.,  and  indicate  in  which  volume,  which  page 
and  which  square  it  could  be  located  on  a  map.  Same  for  Detroit 
river. 

70 


Specimen   entry,   under   Detroit, 

from   the    index    to 

11th  edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica. 


Detroit 


Ala.  1-460  (Al). 

111.  14-304  (B4). 

Kan.  15-654  (E2). 

Me.  17-434  (C4). 

Mich.  8-1 13d;  18-372  (G2);  l-848b;  27-403c. 

Minn.   18-550   (B4). 

Oreg.  20-242  (C-D3). 

Tex.  26-690  (M2). 

Wash.  28-354  (C2). 

isl.,  Wis.  28-740  (F3). 

riv.,  U.  S.  and  Can.  20-114,(A3);  8-114a;  27-646a. 

Harbor,  Wis.  28-740  (F3). 


ENCYCLOPEDIAS  THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  a  strong 
effort  to  keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each 
one  as  a  fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  good  books,  that  are 
available,  and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.     Standard  Encyclopaedias: 

a:     Encyclopaedia  Britannica.     11th  edition,  29  vols. 

1.  Long  scholarly  articles. 

2.  Articles  signed  by  initials;  key  at  the  front. 

3.  Exhaustive  index;  guiding  to  much  information  not 
given  in  alphabetical  order;  bibliography. 

4.  Year-book  published  to  keep  it  up-to-date,  1913. 

5.  Characters  in  fiction  not  given;  titles  of  prominent 
works  sometimes  traced  through  index. 

6.  All  places  on  maps  indexed  in  general  index, 
b:     New  International  Encyclopaedia.     22  vols. 

1.  Comprehensive  treatment  of  subjects. 

2.  For  authors  of  articles,  see  contents. 

3.  No  index;  entries  made  in  alphabetical  order;  cross- 
references;  bibliography. 

4.  Year-book  published  to  keep  it  up-to-date. 

5.  Enters    prominent    fictitious    characters,    titles    of 
books,  etc.,  in  alphabetical  order. 


71 


c.     Americana   Encyclopaedia.     20  vols. 

1.  Comprehensive   treatment  of  subjects. 

2.  Many  articles  signed  at  end  of  article. 

3.  No  index;  entries  made  in  alphabetical  order;  cross- 
references;  bibliography. 

4.  No  year-book. 

5.  Enters    prominent    fictitious    characters,    titles    of 
books,  etc.,  in  alphabetical  order. 

d.     Nelson's  Loose-leaf  Encyclopaedia.     10  vols. 

1.  Comprehensive  treatment  of  subjects. 

2.  Articles  not  signed. 

3.  No  index;  entries  made  in  alphabetical  order;  cross- 
references;  bibliography. 

4.  Year-book  not  needed  as  articles  are  kept  up-to- 

date,  or  revised,  by  means  of  loose  leaves  which  are 
sent  by  the  publisher  every  six  months  to  be 
locked  in  the  main  volumes  in  alphabetical  order. 

5.  Fiction  not  entered. 
Inexpensive  Encyclopaedias: 

a.  Everyman  Encyclopaedia.     12  volumes.     N.  Y.     Dutton. 
35  cts.  per  vol. 

An  excellent  small  encyclopaedia,  published  to 
meet  the  need  of  an  inexpensive  reference  book. 
Does  not  pretend  to  displace  the  fuller  encyclo- 
paedias. 

b.  New  Student's  Reference  Work,  5  vols.  Chicago,  Comp- 
ton  Co.,  $21.75. 

A  good  work  written  in  simple  language  to  meet 
the  needs  of  young  pupils  from  the  grammar 
grades  through   the   high   school. 

c:     Century  Cyclopedia  of  Proper  Names.     N.  Y.  Century 
Co.,  $8.00. 

An  excellent  one  volume  reference  book  on  proper 
names,  volume   XI.  of  the   Century  dictionary. 

d:     Appleton's  New  Practical  Cyclopedia.     6  vols.     N.  Y. 
Appleton,  $18.00. 

Articles  brief;   good  indexes. 

72 


e:  The  last  edition  of  a  Webster  or  of  a  Standard  dic- 
tionary constitutes  practically  a  brief,  inexpensive 
encyclopaedia,  and  gives,  in  addition,  the  definition  and 
the  derivation  of  each  word  in  the  English  language, 
together  with  much  other  information  not  given  in 
encyclopaedias  proper. 

3.  Old  Encyclopaedias: 

Still  good  for  articles  concerning  which  no  recent  infor- 
mation has  been  developed. 

a:     Chambers    encyclopaedia:     10  vols. 

b:     Johnson's   universal   encyclopaedia:     8  vols. 

c:     American  encyclopaedia:     16  vols. 

Year-books  for  period  of  civil  war  are  of  especial  value. 

4.  Foreign  Encyclopaedias: 
a:     French: 

1.  Larousse:     17  vols. 

2.  Lagrande  encyclopaedic:     31  vols, 
b:     German: 

1.  Meyers  Grosses  Konversations — Lexikon:  20  vols. 

2.  Brockhaus  Konversations — Lexikon:     17  vols. 

c:     Other  Languages: 

Spanish,  25  vols.;  Norwegian,  18  vols.;  Italian,  25  vols.; 
the  largest  encyclopaedia  is  in  Chinese. 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  ENCYCLOPEDIAS. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  convenient, 
use  them  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving  the  date 
or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  paragraphs,  or  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a 
guide,  if  material  is  not  familiar. 

1.  What   is  a  "cross-reference"?     Par.  4. 

2.  What  does  "p.  v."  mean?     Par.  4. 

3.  What  does  "bibliography"  mean  and  where  in  the  article 

does  it  come?     Par.  6:r. 

4.  Name  three  sub-divisions  for  most  articles  under  countries, 

and  three  for  cities.     Par.  5  and  6. 

5.  What  does  the   Britannica  use  to  reveal   cross-references 

that  the  other  encyclopaedias  do  not  use?     Par.  7. 

73 


6.  Name  a  good  inexpensive  encyclopaedia.     No.  2.    a-e. 

7.  How  could  the  author  of  "Aurora     Leigh"  be  found  in  the 

Britannica  encyclopaedia?  1 :  a,  5.  How  could  it  be 
found  in  the  New  international  or  in  the  Americana? 
1 :  b,  5.  1 :  c,  5.  Might  it  be  found  in  a  dictionary? 
(Review   question.) 

8.  Could  a  phrase  in  a  foreign    language  be  found  in  both  a 

dictionary  and  an  encyclopaedia?  For  example,  the 
meaning  of  the  phrase,  "Esprit  de  corps."     Par.  9. 

9.  Titles   of  good  books   on   certain   subjects    (e.   g.   "Rugs"), 

could  be  found  how?     Par.  6:r. 

10.  What  two  encyclopaedias  publish  a  summary  of  events  for 

the  year,  and  under  what  title?  (No.  1 :  a,  4  and  b,  4.) 
What  encyclopaedia  uses  a  loose-leaf  system  for  this 
purpose?     No.  l:d:4. 

11.  Could  the  area  of  Wisconsin  be  found  in  both  an  encyclo- 

paedia and  a  dictionary? 

12.  A  "signed  article"  in  an  encyclopaedia  reveals  the  fact  that 

it  was  written  by  an  authority  on  the  subject.  How 
do  the  different  encyclopaedias  show  this?  Par.  11, 
and  No.  1;  a,  2;   b,  2.   c,  2.    d,  2. 

13.  Name  a  good  encyclopaedia  written  for  young  people  No. 

2:b. 

14.  Under  what  word  would  common  abbreviations  be  found 

in    encyclopaedias?      Par.    10. 

15.  Would  important  characters  in  prominent  literature,  (e.  g., 

"Desdamona"  in  Shakespeare),  be  entered  in  alpha- 
betical order  in  the  New  international  encyclopaedia? 
In  the  Britannica?  In  the  Americana?  In  the  dic- 
tionaries?     1:  a,  5.      1:  b,  5.      1:  c,  5. 

16.  Is  the  history  of  a  country  given  among  the  first  or  the  last 

sub-divisions  of  an  article  in  most  encyclopaedias? 
Par.  6:q. 

17.  Under  which   sub-division  would   the   animals  native   to   a 

country  be  given?     Par.  6:e. 

Under  which  division  would  the  trees  and  vegetation 

be  given?     Par.  6:d. 

Under  which,   education?     Par.  6:e. 

Does   the   government   of   Chili,    for   example,   provide 

free  instruction? 

74 


18.  If  the  New  international  year  book  is  available,  consult  it: 
a:     Under   "Gifts   and   bequests,"   and   name   the   first   gift 

mentioned  and  also  the  last.     In  what  order  is  the  list 
arranged? 

b:  Under  any  state  (e.  g.,  Montana),  name  the  1.  Gov- 
ernor; 2,  Chief  Justice;  3,  Primary  school  enroll- 
ment. 

c:  Under  any  large  subject,  (e.  g.,  music),  and  name  two 
or  three  important  items  mentioned. 

19.  If  the  Britannica  year  book  is  available,  consult  it: 

a:  Under  literature,  and  mention  four  or  five  of  the 
leading  divisions  of  the  article.  Are  any  of  the 
divisions  signed?     (Consult  contents.) 

b:  Under  any  important  commodity,  coal  or  cotton,  for 
example,  and  tell  how  the  information  is  classified. 
(Consult  index.) 

c:  Under  United  States,  and  notice  to  what  extent  infor- 
mation regarding  the  separate  states  is  mentioned. 
(Consult  index.) 

d:  Under  any  country,  Persia,  for  example,  and  notice  the 
sub-divisions  of  the  article.     Is  the  ruler  given? 

20.  Who  wrote  the  article  on   "Lace"  in  the   Britannica?     In 

the    New    international?    in    the    Americana? 

21.  Which  encyclopaedia  indexes  all  places  on  maps  included, 

and  where? 

22.  A  list  of  prominent  musicians,  and  related  topics  could  be 

found  how  in  the  Britannica?     How  in  the  New  inter- 
national?    Par.  8:a  and  b. 

23.  Consult  the  article  "drama"  or  "architecture"  in  one  of  the 

large   encyclopaedias   and   give   the   first   and   last   sub- 
headings, reading  the  other  headings  in  passing. 

24.  Consult   the   article   under   Diderot,    Denis,    in    some   good 

encyclopaedia,   and   tell  why  his   name   is  prominent  in 
the   history   of   encyclopaedias. 

25.  (Optional,   but   one   of  the   most  valuable   exercises   under 

each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 

75 


GROUP    3: 

A.  ENCYCLOPEDIAS. 

B.  ENCYCLOPAEDIAS  AND 

DICTIONARIES  OF 
SPECIAL   SUBJECTS. 

B:     ENCYCLOPAEDIAS  AND  DICTIONARIES 
OF  SPECIAL  SUBJECTS. 

The  arrangement  of  reference  material  in  encyclopaedic  form 
for  ready  use  has  developed  marveiously  during  recent  years.  One 
general  encyclopaedia  is  no  longer  sufficient,  even  for  a  small 
library,  but  it  is  practically  a  necessity  for  a  library  to  contain 
special  encyclopaedias  or  dictionaries  on  important  subjects.  The 
range  of  such  reference  books  is  almost  limitless,  and  one's 
acquaintance  with  them  will  depend  largely  upon  individual  needs. 
Such  subjects  as  the  following,  and  many  others  also,  aside  from 
those  mentioned  in  detail,  below,  have  important  encyclopaedias: 
Chemistry;  Agriculture;  Law,  many  phases;  History,  general,  and 
different  nations;  Biography,  general,  and  many  phases;  Music; 
Mathematics;  Horticulture;  Painters  and  Painting;  Accounting; 
Political  Economy;  Engineering;  Fire  Prevention  and  Insurance. 
Many  excellent  collections  of  poems,  debates,  orations,  stories,  and 
of  other  subjects  are  issued  in  encyclopaedic  form. 

Though  it  is  a  mistake  to  confine  one's  reference  work  mainly 
to  books  of  an  encyclopaedic  nature,  it  is  also  a  mistake  to  ignore  or 
slight  books  of  this  character.  A  connected  account  of  some 
person  or  subject,  or  a  detail  which  might  require  hours  of  search 
to  find  in  other  form,  can  frequently  be  made  readily  accessible 
in  some  dictionary  or  encyclopaedia  treating  of  the  subject. 

ENCYCLOPEDIAS  AND  DICTIONARIES  OF 
SPECIAL  SUBJECTS  THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  a  strong 
effort  to  keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each 
one  as  a  fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  good  books,  that  are 
available,  and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.  Bliss,  William  D.  P.  New  encyclopaedia  of  social  reform. 
X.  Y.,  Funk,  $7.50.  An  indispensable  work  for  reference 
in  social  reform.     Articles  signed.     Bibliography. 

2.  Brewer,  D.  J.  World's  best  orations  and  essays.  20 
vols.     N.  Y.,  E.  C.  Hill,  $60.00. 

3.  Catholic  Encyclopaedia.     15  vols.     N.  Y.,  Appleton,  $90.00. 

4.  Grove,  G.  Dictionary  of  music  and  musicians.  5  vols. 
N.  Y.,  Macmillan.     $25.00. 

76 


5.  Hart,   A.    B.   and   others.     An    encyclopaedia   of   American 
government.    3  vols.     N.  Y.,  Appleton.    $21.00. 

Well  indexed  at  the  back  of  volume  3.     Articles  signed. 
Bibliography. 

6.  Hastings,  Rev.  James.     Bible  dictionary.     N.  Y.,  Scribner. 
$5.00. 

a:  Many  dictionaries  and  encyclopaedias  on  Biblical  sub- 
jects are  published. 

7.  Hopkins,    A.    A.     Scientific   American    cyclopedia    of   for- 
mulas.    N.  Y.     Munn  &  Co.    $5.00. 

8.  Julian,    Rev.    John.      Dictionary    of    hymnology.      N.    Y. 
Scribner.     $7.00. 

9.  Jewish  Encyclopaedia.    12  vols.     N.  Y.    Funk.    $84.00. 

10.  Larned,  J.  N.   History  for  ready  reference.    5  vols.  Spring- 
field,  Mass.     Nochols.     $25.00  each. 

a:     History  compiled  from  the  best  authorities,  arranged 

alphabetically  by  countries,  sub-arranged  by  dates. 
b:     Recent  history  in  supplementary  volumes. 

11.  Lippincott's   New  gazetteer  of  the   world.     Phil.     Lippin- 
cott.    $10.00. 

12.  Monroe,  Paul.     Cyclopedia  of  education.     5  vols.     N.  Y., 
Macmillan.      $25.00.      Bibliography. 

13.  Peck,    H.    T.      Harper's    dictionary    of    classical    literature. 
Chicago.     American   Book   Co.     $6.00. 

a:  Gayley.  Classic  myths  in  English  literature  is  so  care- 
fully indexed,  and  contains  so  excellent  a  commentary 
referring  to  myths  in  art  and  literature  that  the  book 
practically  constitutes  an  inexpensive  classical  diction- 
ary.    Chicago.     Ginn.     $1.50. 

14.  Stevens,    Leslie.      Dictionary    of    national    biography.      22 
vols.     N.  Y.     Macmillan.     $93.50. 

a:  Gives  only  English  biography,  but  includes  all  English 
names  of  any  importance  whatsoever. 

b:  The  set  is  indexed  in  the  last  volume.  This  index  is 
so  complete  that  it  constitutes,  practically,  a  brief  Eng- 
lish biographical  dictionary.    $6.25. 

15.  Thomas.     Universal  pronouncing  dictionary  of  biography 
and  mythology.     Phil.     Lippincott.     $8.00. 

77 


SYNOPSES: — To  depend  upon  a  general  outline  of  a  subject  for  one's 
knowledge  of  it  is  certainly  superficial  work.  The  human  mind,  however,  cannot 
keep  well  informed  on  more  than  a  limited  number  of  subjects,  nor  have  more  than 
a  superficial  knowledge  of  hundreds  of  branches.  The  unlimited  range  of  interests 
in  modern  life  makes  epitomes  and  synopses  almost  a  necessity  and  very  useful 
indeed,  if  they  are  not  abused  by  causing  one  to  assume  that  a  summary  of  a 
work  is  sufficient  for  all  purposes. 

16.    Authors:     Synopses: 

a:     Browning  Cyclopedia.  Berdoe. 

b:     Chaucer  1:  Stories  simply  told.  Seymore. 

2:  Story  book.  Tappan. 

c.     Dickens.  1   Dickens  Dictionary;  in- 

cludes selections.  Pierce. 

2:  Dickens  synopses.  McSpadden 

d:     Scott.  1:  Waverly  synopses.  McSpadden 

2:  Waverly  dictionary.  Rogers. 

e:     Shakespeare.    1:  Shakespeare  story  book.    Macleod. 

2:  Shakespeare  synopses.        McSpadden 
f:     Thackeray.        Thackeray  dictionary.  Mudge. 

g:  If  dictionaries  have  been  prepared  for  other  authors 
they  would  be  listed,  under  authors  discussed,  in  the 
"United  States  catalog  of  books  in  print,"  or  in  its 
supplements.  For  an  explanation  of  these  catalogues 
see  Group  7,  Book  Selection. 
h:  Keep  in  mind  good  biographies  and  works  about  the 
individual  author  desired  . 

17.  Opera:     Synopses: 

a:     American  history  and  encyclopaedia  of  music.     12  vols. 

Gives  story  outline  of  operas.    Index  explained  by  note, 

preceding  index  of  work, 
b:     McSpadden.     Opera  synopses, 
c:     Upton.     Standard  operas. 

18.  Baker's  Guides  to  fiction,  explained  under  "Special  in- 
dexes," Group  7,  are  so  carefully  annotated  that  the  notes 
sometimes  amount  almost  to  synopses. 

19.  Brewer,    E.   C.   Reader's   handbook.     Lippincott.     $3.50. 

a:  Gives  a  kind  of  synopsis  of  such  works  of  literature  as 
"Paradise  Lost,"  "The  Iliad,"  the  "Odyssey,"  and 
many  others. 

20.  Dictionaries.  Many  fictitious  characters  are  entered  in 
recent  dictionaries  and  encyclopaedias  to  indicate  in  what 
works  they  appear,  and  what  part  they  assume. 

78 


21.  Warner,  C.  D.  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature.  30 
vols.  Directly  preceding  the  general  index,  synopses  of 
many  works  of  literature  are  given;  index  under  title,  pre- 
cedes synopses. 

22.  Book  reviews  in  the  several  magazines  often  give  outlines 
amounting  almost  to  synopses  for  current  books.  Indexed 
in  Book  review  digest,  explained  under  "Book  selection," 
Group   7. 

23.  Handbooks: 

Though  handbooks  are  in  no  sense  encyclopaedias  or 
dictionaries  of  special  subjects,  yet  they  usually  pertain  to 
some  special  need  and  are  generally  arranged  in  alphabet- 
ical order.    The  following  are  a  few,  worthy  of  note: 
a:     Brewer — Reader's  handbook.     (Given  also  under   19.) 
b:     Brewer — Dictionary  of  miracle, 
c:     Brewer — Historic  note  book, 
d:     Brewer — Phrase  and  fable. 
e:     New  century  book  of  facts, 
f:     Edwards — Words,  facts  and  phrases, 
g:     Harper — Book  of  facts.     (Given  in  detail  under  Histori- 
cal dates,  group  6.) 
h:     Reddel — Fact,  fancy  and  fable. 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  ENCYCLOPAEDIAS  AND 
DICTIONARIES   OF   SPECIAL  SUBJECTS. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  convenient, 
use  them  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving  the  date 
or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed  to  serve  as  a  guide,  if  material  is 
not  familiar. 

1.  A  special  point  in  music  (e.  g.,  music  printing),  which  is 
too  technical  for  a  general  encyclopaedia  would  be  likely  to 
be  found  in  a  dictionary  of  what  subject? 

2.  For  some  special  reference  in  connection  with  the  Bible,  (e. 
g.,  a  good  description  of  "Mount  Ararat"),  it  would  be  best 
to  consult  what  kind  of  a  reference  book? 

3.  Name  five  or  six  subjects  which  have  special  encyclo- 
paedias or  dictionaries  of  their  own. 

79 


4.  A  carefully  prepared  article  on  some  social  phase,  (e.  g., 
"Temperance"),  would  probably  be  treated  best  in  which 
book  listed?    No.  1. 

5.  Subjects  treated  particularly  from  the  Jewish  or  from  the 
Catholic  point  of  view  could  be  found  in  what  books?  3:9. 

6.  A  scientific  formula  for  some  simple  process,  (e.  g.,  the 
making  of  a  mirror),  could  be  found  in  what  book?    No.  7. 

7.  Some  detailed  point  of  educational  interest,  (e.  g.,  the 
history  of  the  education  of  the  blind),  would  probably  be 
treated  best  in  what  book?     No.  12. 

8.  If  a  copy  of  the  Cyclopaedia  of  American  government,  in 
3  volumes  is  available,  consult  it  for  the  following: 

a:     Who  wrote  the  article  on  "Popular  government?" 

b:  To  which  edition  of  Bryce's  American  commonwealth, 
and  to  which  chapters,  is  reference  made  for  further 
study  on  this  subject? 

c:     Name  one  other  reference  for  this  subject. 

d:     Into  how  many  large  sub-heads  is  the  article  on  "La- 
bor"  divided?      Is   each   separate   topic    signed   by   the 
name   of   the   one   who   wrote   it?     Are   references    for 
further  study  given  under  each  topic? 
e:     Is  the  complete  set  indexed  at  the  back  of  volume  3? 

9.  Name  a  dictionary  of  Hymnology,  and  state  what  kind  of 

references  would  be  likely  to  be  treated  in  it.     Xo.  8. 

10.  Would  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  Napoleon  be  found  in  the 

"Dictionary   of   national   biography?"      Would    Tenny- 
son be  given?     No.  14. 

11.  A  brief  outline  of  one  of  Dickens'  stories,  (e.  g.,  Martin 
Chuzzlewit),  could  be  found  in  what  books  listed?  16:c 
and  21. 

12.  The  story  of  a  prominent  opera,  (e.  g.,  Wagner's  Lohen- 
grin), could  be  found  in  what  books?     17. 

13.  An  outline  of  one  of  Shakespeare's  plays,  (e.  g.,  Cymbe- 
line),  could  be  found  in  what  books?     16:e  and  21. 

14.  A  prominent  fictitious  character,  (e.  g.,  "Una"),  could  be 
found  in  what  books?     19  and  20. 

80 


15.  A  brief  outline  of  a  prominent  work  in  literature,  (e.  g., 
Swift's  "Gulliver's  travels"),  could  be  found  in  what 
books?     19  and  21. 

16.  The  thread  of  the  story  of  a  prominent  novel,  (e.  g.,  Marble 
Faun),  could  be  traced  through  using  what  guides?       18. 

17.  References  pertaining  to  what  general  period  of  history 
are  given  in  a  classical  dictionary?  Would  Shakespeare  be 
given?     Name  a  classical  dictionary. 

IS.  A  brief  outline  of  the  general  trend  of  one  of  Scott's 
Waverley  novels,  (e.  g.,  Woodstock),  could  be  found  in 
what  books  listed?     16:d  and  21. 

19.  A  brief  outline  of  the  general  trend  of  Thackeray's  Pen- 
dennis  could  be  found  in  what  books  listed?     16:f  and  21. 

20.  a:     If  a  special  dictionary  for  any  author,   (e.  g.,  Kipling), 

has  been  prepared,  it  could  be  found  in  what  catalogue, 
and  under  what  heading?     16:g. 

b:  If  this  catalogue  is  available  consult  it  under  the  words 
"cyclopaedia,"  "encyclopaedia,"  "dictionary,"  to  gain 
some  idea  of  the  vast  number  of  books  published  of 
this  nature. 

21.  Name  an  advantage  and  a  disadvantage  of  a  synopsis.  (Note 
between  15  and  16). 

22.  Name  a  good  gazetteer.  11.  Do  dictionaries  and  encyclo- 
paedias give  information  of  the  character  of  that  given  in 
a  gazetteer? 

23.  What  reference  work  on  history  collects  prominent  de- 
scriptions from  standard  authors,  arranges  them  in  alpha- 
betical order  under  country,  and  sub-arranges  by  dates, 
giving  recent  history  in   separate   volumes?      10. 

24.  Name  five  or  six  handbooks.     No.  23. 

25.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group). 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and   form  one   or  two  individual  reference   problems. 

81 


GROUP  4: 

A.  LIBRARY     CLASSIFICATION. 

B.  CARD   CATALOGUE. 


A:    LIBRARY  CLASSIFICATION. 

If  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  volumes  in  large  libraries  are 
to  be  made  available,  some  carefully  planned  system  for  the 
arrangement  of  books  on  the  shelves  is  necessary.  Many  experi- 
ments have  been  made  with  different  plans,  but  the  one  which 
meets  with  the  greatest  favor  at  the  present  time  is  a  "Decimal 
system"  devised  by  Melvin  Dewey.  By  means  of  this  system  all 
books  on  the  same  subjects  are  kept  together  under  numbers 
representing  them,  arranged  by  hundreds.  These  hundreds  are 
again  sub-divided  into  tens,  units,  and,  in  large  collections,  even 
into  decimals.  Table  I.  gives  the  division  by  hundreds;  Table  II., 
significance  of  certain  numbers  on  limited  subjects,  mainly  coun- 
tries; Table  III.,  the  division  by  tens. 

TABLE   I. 

Division    by    Hundreds    in    the    Dewey    or    Decimal    System    of 
Library  Classification. 

This  classification  is  used  for  the  great  majority  of  school, 
college  and  public  libraries  in  the  United  States,  though  there  are 
a  few  notable  exceptions,  the  Library  of  Congress,  for  example. 

000 — General  works  such  as  encyclopaedias,  magazines,  newspapers. 
100 — Philosophy,  such  as  psychology,  ethics,  philosophy. 
200 — Religion,  such  as  mythology;  any  book  on  any  religion. 
300 — Sociology,  such  as  government,  education. 
400 — Philology:  language,  such  as  any  book  on  any  language. 
500 — Science,  such  as  physics,  chemistry,  biology,  mathematics. 
600 — Useful  arts,  such  as  engineering,  medicine,  manufactures. 
700 — Fine  arts,  such  as  painting,  music,  sculpture,  architecture. 
800 — Literature,  such  as  poetry,  dramas,  essays  of  any  country. 
900 — History,  such  as  travel,  description,  history. 

B    — Biography,  such  as  history  or  life  of  individuals;  a  division  of 
900  is  also  used. 

No  number — Fiction.     Indicated  by  author's  name. 

83 


When  possible,  certain  numbers  in  the  tens  or  units  or  deci- 
mal position  stand  for  particular  topics  or  countries.  "0,"  for 
example,  stands  for  anything  general,  if  it  is  feasible.  The  follow- 
ing table  will  be  suggestive,  though  it  cannot  be  applied  when  the 
classification  is  at  all  complex,  and  does  not  fit  all  subjects. 


TABLE  II. 
Significance  of  certain  numbers  in  the  Dewey  classification. 


When  related  to 
Continent:  Biog- 
raphy. 
0 — General  0 

1 — Travel,  Geography  1 


When  related  to 
Modern    Countries. 


When  related   to 
Ancient    Countries. 


2 — Biography 

3 — Ancient   World 

4 — Europe 

5 — Asia 

6 — Africa 

7 — North    America 

8 — South  America 

9 — Minor 


-General  0 — General 

-America  1 — China 

2 — England  2— Egypt 

3 — Germany  3 — Judea 

4 — France  4 — Indian  Empire 

5— Italy  5— Persia 

6 — Spain  6 — Kelts 

7 — Russia  7 — Rome    (Latin) 
8 — Norway,   Sweden  8 — Greece 

9 — Minor  9 — Minor 


When  related  to 
Certain   Subjects. 

0 — General 
1 — Poetry 
2 — Outlines 
3 — Dictionaries 
4— Essays 
5 — Periodicals 
6 — Associations 
7 — Education 
8 — Collections 
9— History 


By  means  of  this  key  the  poems  of  William  Cullen  Bryant,  for 
example,  would  first  be  classified  under  the  hundreds  division 
for  literature,  which  is  found  to  be  800,  by  consulting  Table  I, 
"Division  by  hundreds."  Under  Table  II,  "Significance  of  certain 
numbers,"  notice  that  1,  under  "Modern  Countries,"  stands  for 
America,  when  possible.  The  second  number  would,  therefore,  be 
810,  because  the  poems  are  by  an  American  author.  Under  subjects, 
Table  II.,  what  number  stands  for  poetry?  The  last  number 
would,  therefore,  be  811.  Under  this  number,  the  majority  of 
libraries  in  the  United  States  would  place  all  American  poetry. 
The  work  of  an  English  poet  would  be  placed  under  821  because 
2  stands  for  England,  when  feasible.  Why  would  that  of  a  German 
poet  be  placed  under  831?  French  poetry  would  be  under  what 
number? 

After  determining  the  number  which  signifies  to  what  class  the 
book  is  assigned,  the  initial  letter  of  the  author's  surname  should 
appear.  This  letter  would  be  followed  by  numbers  instead  of  by 
the  second  and  third  letters  because  it  has  been  found  easier  to 
arrange  the  books  on  the  shelves  by  number  than  by  letters. 
These  numbers  range  between  1  and  100  to  correspond  with  the 
alphabetical  position  of  the  second  and  third  letters  of  the  author's 
surname. 

A  key  of  the  relation  of  the  alphabet  to  numbers  has 
been  carefully  worked  out,  and  is  known  as  the  "Cutter  Table  of 
author  marks,"  after  the  man  who  originated  it.     A  copy  of  the 


84 


"Cutter  Table  of  author  marks"  for  B  is  given  herewith.  Consult 
the  table  and  see  that  for  "Bry,"  this  number  would  be  "84,"  be- 
cause "ry"  is  near  the  end  of  the  alphabet,  and  "84"  is  a  relative 
distance  from  1  to  100.  The  full  number  for  Bryant's  poems  would 
therefore  be  811B84. 


Specimen  entry  for  "B"  from  Cutter  Table  of  Author  Marks. 


Ba  11 
Bac  12 
Baco  13 
Bad  14 
Bail  15 
Bain  16 
Bak  17 
Bal  18 
Bald  19 
Ball  21 
Ban  22 
Bar  23 
Bark  24 
Barm  25 
Barne  26 
Barr  27 
Bars  28 
Bas  29 
Bat  31 
Batf  32 


Bax  33 
Bay  34 
Be  35 
Beal  36 
Beam  37 
Bear  38 
Bed  39 
Bel  41 
Bern  42 
Ben  43 
Beno  44 
Beo  45 
Bers  46 


47 

g48 
1  49 
m  51 

o  52 
r  53 

s  54 


Bix  55 
Bl  56 
Blaf  57 
Blak  58 
Blan  59 
Bland  61 
Bio  62 
Bo  63 
Bon  64 
Bot  65 
Bou  66 
Bow  67 
Bowl  68 
Box  69 
Boin  71 
Bra  72 
Brae  73 
Bre  74 
Brem  75 
Bri  76 


Brim  77 
Bro  78 
Broo  79 
Brow  81 
Browni  82 
Bru  83 
Bry  84 
Bua  85 
Bue  86 
Bui  87 
Bum  88 
Bur  a  89 
Burg  91 
Burl  92 
Burn  93 
Burr  94 
Burt  95 
Bus  96 
But  97 
Butp  98 


85 


TABLE    III. 

Dewey  or  Decimal  Library  Classification  Carried  to  the  Second 

Division  of  Tens. 


000  GENERAL    WORKS. 

010  Bibliography. 

020  Library    Economy. 

030  General    Cyclopedias. 

040  General    Collections. 

050  General    Periodicals. 

060  General    Societies. 

070  Newspapers 

080  Special   Libraries 

090  Book   Rarities 

200  RELIGION 

210  Natural  Theology 

220  Bible 

230   Doctrinal 

240   Devotional   and    Practical. 

250  Homiletic,    Pastoral,    Parochial. 

260   Church.       Institutions.       Work. 

270  Religious   History. 

280   Christian   Churches   and   Sects. 

290   Non-Christian    Religions. 

400  PHILOLOGY. 

410  Comparative. 

420  English. 

430  German. 

440  French. 

450  Italian. 

460  Spanish. 

470  Latin. 

480  Greek. 

490  Minor  Languages. 

600  USEFUL  ARTS. 

610  Medicine. 

620  Engineering. 

630  Agriculture. 

640  Domestic    Economy. 

650  Communication    and    Commerce. 

660  Chemical    Technology. 

670  Manufactures. 

680  Mechanic    Trades. 

690  Building. 

800  LITERATURE. 

810  American. 

820   English. 

830   German. 

840   French. 

850   Italian. 

860   Spanish. 

870   Latin. 

880  Greek. 

890   Minor     Languages. 


100  PHILOSOPHY. 

110  Metaphysics. 

120  Special    Metaphysical  Topics. 

130  Mind    and    Body. 

140  Philosophical   Systems. 

150  Mental    Faculties.      Psychology. 

160  Logic. 

170  Ethics. 

180  Ancient    Philosophers. 

190  Modern   Philosophers. 

300  SOCIOLOGY. 

310  Statistics. 

320  Political  Science. 

330  Political   Economy. 

340   Law. 

350  Administration. 

360  Associations    and    Institutions. 

370   Education. 

380  Commerce  and   Communication. 

390  Customs.      Costumes.      Folklore. 

500  NATURAL   SCIENCE. 

510   Mathematics. 

520  Astronomy. 

530   Physics. 

540   Chemistry. 

550   Geology. 

560   Paleontology. 

570   Biology. 

580   Botany. 

590   Zoology. 

700  FINE    ARTS. 

710  Landscape    Gardening. 

720  Architecture. 

730  Sculpture. 

740  Drawing.      Design. 

750  Painting. 

760  Engraving. 

770  Photography. 

780  Music. 

790  Amusements. 

900  HISTORY. 

910  Geography  and   Description. 

920   Biography. 

930  Ancient    History. 

940    Europe. 

950  Asia. 

960   Africa. 

970   North    America. 

980   South    America. 

990   Oceanica   and   Polar  Regions. 


Biography  is  sometimes  indicated  by  a  "B"  instead  of  by  a 
class  number.  In  such  a  case,  the  "B"  is  followed  by  the  initial 
of  the  surname  of  the  one  written  about,  followed  by  the  Cutter 
number  for  his  name,  and  then  by  that  for  the  surname  of  the 
author. 

Fiction  is  usually  classified  under  the  initial  of  the  surname 
of  the  author,  followed  by  the  Cutter  number,  then  by  the  initial 
of  the  title. 


86 


Consult  Table  III,  under  900,  and  give  the  sub-number  for 
biography.  If  the  Dewey  number  for  biography  is  used,  instead  of 
a  "B,"  Symington's  life  of  Bryant,  for  example,  would  be  numbered 
928  under  the  following  process: 

900.  history; 

920,  history  of  an  individual,  or  biography; 

928,  biography  of  a  literary  man   (the  "8"  representing  "800" 
for  literature). 

Because  "700"  stands  for  "Fine  Arts,"  the  biography  of  an 
artist  would  be  numbered  927.  Why  would  the  number  of  a 
scientist  be  925?  Of  a  religious  leader,  922?  Of  a  physician,  926? 
Of  a  lawyer,  923?     What  would  be  the  number  of  a  philosopher? 

Of  course,  different  libraries  have  characteristic  ways  of  their 
own  for  entering  and  arranging  books  and  of  adapting  systems  to 
local  needs.  The  "Dewey"  system,  however,  combined  with  the 
"Cutter  Table  of  author  marks,"  is  the  most  popular  at  present. 

The  number  by  which  a  book  is  classified  is  known  as  a  "call 
number"  because  the  book  is  called  for  by  that  number.  This 
"call  number"  is  either  printed,  or  written,  or  pasted  by  means  of 
a  label,  on  the  back  of  the  book  to  make  the  volume  easy  to  find  or 
to  replace  on  the  shelf.  All  books  of  the  same  class  are  together; 
sub-arranged  first  by  numbers,  and  then  by  the  letters  of  the 
author's  name.  In  a  section  of  American  literature,  for  example, 
books  numbered  as  below  would  be  arranged  on  the  shelves  as 
follows: 


810 

810 

810 

811 

811 

811 

817 

M47 

P19 

R39 

B84 

L83 

W61 

H73A 

Considering  the  above  as  books  on  a  shelf,  between  what 
numbers  would  American  literature  by  Newcomber,  810;  N43,  be 
placed?  Would  Holmes'  poems,  811;  H73,  be  "out"  according  to 
the  above?  Would  Holmes'  "Autocrat  of  the  breakfast  table," 
817;H73A,  be  "in?"     ("A"  is  for  autocrat.) 

It  is  necessary  for  libraries  to  have  a  file  of  cards  arranged 
in  the  order  in  which  books  are  placed  on  the  shelves,  to  make  it 
possible  to  determine  what  books  are  missing  from  any  section. 
These  cards  are  called  a  "shelf-list";  this  list  is  not  ordinarily 
needed  by  the  users  of  the  library. 

87 


SIMPLE  PROBLEMS  ON  LIBRARY  CLASSIFICATION. 

1.  Classify:  "Bury,  History  of  ancient  Greece."'  It  would 
fall  under: 

900    of  the  hundred  division,  Table  I,  why? 

3,  Ancient  world,  Table  II,  why?     930. 

8.  Ancient  country,  Table  II,  why?     938. 
B95,  Cutter  Table  of  author  marks,  why?    938  B95. 

2.  Name  the  ten  main  divisions,  under  hundreds,  of  the 
Dewey  Classification. 

3.  What  is  meant  by  the  "call  number"  of  a  book?  How  are 
books  arranged  on  the  shelves?    What  is  a  "shelf-list?" 

4.  Classify  the  following,  using  Table  III,  giving  also  the  Cut- 
ter number: 

Ball,  Story  of  the  heavens. 

Bailey,  Botanizing. 

Barber,  Wagner  opera  stories. 

5.  Consult  Table  II  and  tell  what  numbers  are  used  for  the 
following,  when  feasible: 

Poetry; 
Dictionaries; 
Education; 
England. 

6.  Does  fiction  usually  have  a  Dewey  number,  or  is  it  usually 
classified  directly  under  the  initial  letter  of  the  author's 
name?  (See  end  of  Table  III.)  In  most  libraries,  the 
novel,  Sentimental  Tommy,  by  Barrie,  would  be  numbered 
B27S.  The  "B"  for  what?  The  "27"  for  what?  The  "S" 
for  what?  What  letter  is  frequently  used  for  biography, 
instead  of  a  Dewey  number? 

7.  Tell  why  the  numbers  given  to  the  following  are  used  for 

their  classification.     (See  Fiction  and  Biography  following 
Table  III.) 

Blackmore;  Lorna  Doone.     (Fiction.)     B56L. 
Bulwer-Lytton;     Last    days    of    Pompeii.       (Fiction.) 
B87L. 
Abbott;  Daniel  Boone,  Pioneer  of  Kentucky.     (Biography.) 
BB64A. 

8.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  und^r 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  phase  of  the  subject,  and  form  one  or 
two  individual  reference  problems. 


GROUP   4: 

A.  LIBRARY    CLASSIFICATION. 

B.  CARD  CATALOGUE. 


B:     CARD  CATALOGUE. 

A    card    catalogue    of   a   library    consists    of   written,    or    type- 
written,  or  printed  cards,  uniform   in   size,   each   one   representing: 
An  author 
A  title 
A  subject  or 
A  special  chapter  or  phase 

of  a  book  catalogued,  and  collectively  being  able  to  give  complete 
information  on  such  points  for  all  books  contained  in  the  library. 
The  cards  are  usually  filed  in  one  alphabetical  order,  in  cabinets 
made  for  the  purpose,  and,  to  prevent  misplacement,  are  fastened  by 
a  rod  run  through  a  hole  in  the  bottom  of  each  card. 


Tray  of  Library  Bureau  card  catalog 
showing  arrangement  of  written  guides 


68 


To  enable  a  catalogue  to  reveal  what  books  a  library  contains 
by  a  certain  author,  or  on  a  certain  subject,  or  by  a  certain  title, 
it  is  necessary  to  make  several  cards  for  each  book.  This,  of 
course,  means  a  great  deal  of  work,  and  should  be  done  only  by 
those  who  have  been  specially  trained  in  the  details  of  cataloguing 
methods.  As  all  cards  for  the  same  book  in  different  libraries  are 
nearly  the  same,  it  is  obvious  that  there  is  much  wasted  energy  in 
writing  these  cards  separately  for  each  library.  A  central  bureau 
has  therefore  been  established  by  the  Library  of  Congress  for  the 
purpose  of  selling,  at  practically  cost,  cards  which  it  prints  for  its 
own  use.  As  the  Congressional  Library  is  the  national  library  of 
the  United  States,  it  would  have  a  copy  of  almost  any  book  needed 
by  an  ordinary  library,  and  therefore  a  card  for  it. 


Parkman,  Francis,  1823-1893. 

The  California  and  Oregon  trail ;  being  sketches  of 
prairie  and  Rocky  Mountain  life,  by  Francis  Parkman, 
jr.,  with  an  introduction  by  Edward  G.  Bourne,  ph.  d. 
New  York,  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  co.  [1901] 

1  p.  1.,  xix,  416  p.     front,  (port.)     19cm. 
Added  t.-p. :  The  Oregon  trail. 


1.  The  West— Descr.  &  trav.    2.  Indians  of  North  America— The  West 
3.  Frontier  life— The  West. 

0  1-16630 

F592.P256 

©1901    A 12474 


This  is  an  author  card,  which  is  always  the  most  important  one, 
and  the  only  one  printed  by  the  Library  of  Congress.  Notice  that 
the  dates  of  the  author's  life  are  entered  after  his  name.  The  call 
number,  indicating  the  location  of  the  book  on  the  shelves  of  the 
local  library,  would  have  to  be  written  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner. 
In  libraries  using  the  Dewey-Cutter  system,  this  number  would 
probably  be  917.1  P25;  if  the  Library  of  Congress  system  is  used, 
its  number  indicated  at  the  bottom  of  the  card,  FS92.P256,  would  be 
used.     The   card   would   then    be    filed   under   "Parkman,    Francis." 

90 


A  title  card  could  be  made  by  writing  the  title  "California 
and  Oregon  trail"  above  the  word  "Parkman"  on  a  second  printed 
card,  entering  the  call  number  and  alphabetizing  it  under  "C."  As 
the  book  is  about  Oregon  as  much  as  it  is  about  California,  a  third 
card  would  be  provided  for  by  writing  "Oregon  trail"  above  the 
word  "Parkman,"  on  a  third  printed  card,  and  alphabetizing  it  under 
what  letter? 

E.  C.  Bourne  has  written  a  good  introduction  to  the 
book,  therefore  a  card  should  be  provided  with  his  name  at  the  top, 
the  call  number  entered,  and  alphabetized  under  what  letter?  Valu- 
able information  under  each  topic  listed  near  the  bottom  of  the  card, 
as  numbers  1,  2  and  3,  can  be  found  in  the  book,  and  separate  cards 
with  the  call  number  should  be  made  for  each,  and  alphabetized 
respectively  under  "West,"  ''Indians,"  "Frontier."  The  words  after 
the  first  "West"  mean  that  the  matter  pertains  to  description  and 
travel  in  the  west;  after  "America"  and  "Frontier"  the  "West" 
means  that  the  locality  is  limited  to  the  West.  The  number  of 
pages  in  the  book  are  indicated  as  416  with  a  few  introductory 
pages,  and  a  portrait  page;  the  size  is  indicated  as  19  centimeters. 

The  number  1-16630,  at  the  bottom  of  the  card,  right  hand 
side,  means  that  this  is  the  16630th  card  printed  for  books  copy- 
righted in  1901,  the  number  preceding  the  dash  standing  for  the 
year  in  which  the  book  was  copyrighted.  Such  numbers  are  called 
"L.  C";  that  is,  Library  of  Congress,  card  numbers,  because  the 
number  must  be  known  before  the  card  can  be  found  in  the  files 
at  Washington.  If  the  numbers  are  difficult  to  find,  the  Library 
of  Congress  will  look  them  up  at  small  additional  expense.  The 
Wilson  Co.  and  the  American  Library  Association  print  the  "L.  C." 
numbers  in  their  catalogues.  The  numbers  at  the  bottom  of  the 
card,  left  hand  side,  give  the  copyright  date  and  number  for  the 
card  itself. 

By  using  the  Library  of  Congress  cards,  the  smallest  library 
can  have  the  benefit  of  trained  workers  of  the  cataloguing  force 
of  the  national  library  at  a  trifle  more  expense  than  that  of  blank 
cards.  Postage  is  free  because  the  work  is  under  the  United  States 
government.  For  details,  address  Printed  Card  Catalogue  Division, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Users  of  a  card  catalogue  do  not  need  to  be  troubled  with  the 
defails  of  cataloguing,  which  belong  to  a  special  feature  of  library 
economy;  but  they  should  recognize  that  a  book  is  entered  under 
as  many  different  headings  as  are  needed  to  make  it  serviceable, 
and  should  note  such  general  points  as: 

a:  Call  number,  so  named,  as  previously  explained,  because 
the  book  is  called  for  by  that  number.  It  is  the  full 
number    in    the    upper   left    hand    corner    of   the    card, 

91 


usually  consisting  of  the  Dewey  classification  number; 
together  with  the  initial  of  the  author's  surname  and 
the  Cutter  number. 

b:  Dates  and  editions  of  books:  to  avoid  drawing  books 
which  are  out  of  date;  always  note  the  date  if  given  on 
the  card.  A  book  on  automobiles,  for  example,  printed 
in  1905,  would  be  useless  except  for  the  history  of  early 
automobile  experimental  work.  Dates  help  to  show 
different  editions.  Important  books  usually  pass 
through  many  editions.  Bartlett's  "Familiar  quota- 
tions," for  example,  has  passed  through  ten  editions; 
the  last  one,  of  course,  being  more  complete  and  better 
arranged  than  was  any  preceding  edition.  Milton, 
Shakespeare,  Dickens,  Scott,  and  the  works  of  many 
other  authors,  have  passed  through  a  great  many  dif- 
ferent editions.  Early  editions  of  the  works  of  a 
prominent  author  sometimes  are  exceedingly  valuable. 

c:  Publishers.  Good  publishers  are  anxious  to  have  a  rep- 
utation for  giving  satisfactory  service,  as  are  all  other 
responsible  business  houses.  A  good  publisher's 
name,  therefore,  means  that  honest  work  is  practically 
guaranteed,  and  that  the  subject  matter  of  the  book 
has  been  approved. 

d:  When  using  a  card  catalogue  which  contains  many 
cards  on  a  desired  subject,  Lincoln  or  Shakespeare,  or 
some  country,  for  example,  find  the  first  card  bearing 
the  name,  then  the  last  one,  and  read  the  headings  of 
any  "guide"  cards  which  may  come  between.  If  this 
plan  is  followed,  an  estimate  of  the  character  and  the 
number  of  books  which  the  library  contains  on  the  sub- 
ject can  be  quickly  made.  Guide  cards,  which  extend 
above  the  other  cards,  are  self  explanatory.  A  very 
large  card  catalogue  can  be  used  as  easily  as  a  small 
one  after  a  little  training  and  practice,  but  the  fact 
that  large  subjects  must  be  sub-divided  should  always 
be  kept  in  mind.  In  the  case  of  Shakespeare,  in  addi- 
tion to  general  guide  cards,  probably  each  play  would 
be  sub-arranged  alphabetically,  and  books  or  editions 
pertaining  to  each  one  would  be  listed  under  a  guide 
card  bearing  the  name  of  the  play.  In  the  case  of  a 
country,  the  guide  cards  are  sometimes  quite  extensive, 
but  always  self  explanatory  if  a  little  care  is  used. 


92 


SIMPLE  PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  THE 
CARD  CATALOGUE. 

1.  Give  the  headings  under  which  cards  cataloguing  the  fol- 
lowing books  should  be  filed  in  order  to  show  for  each: 

The  author        The  title        The   subject. 

Consult  Table  III,  under  library  classification,  and  give  also 
as  much  of  the  "call  number"  as  is  obtainable  from  it. 
a:     Sir  Robert  Ball.     Starland.      (Astronomy.) 
b:     Esther  Singleton.     Guide  to  modern  opera.      (Music.) 
c:     Alice  Lounsberry.     A  guide  to  trees.     (Botany.) 

2.  Would  a  greater  number  of  cards  be  likely  to  appear  under 
the  entry  "Milton"  or  under  the  entry  "Paradise  Lost,"  and 
why?  Under  which  entry  would  it,  therefore,  be  best  to 
look  for  the  call  number  for  "Paradise  Lost." 

3.  Consult  any  convenient   card   catalogue,   and   name   a  ref- 

erence for  any  of  the  following,  giving  the  call  number, 
and  the  author,  of  any  references  indicated: 

Mary  Lyon;  Photography;  Birds;  Helen  Keller. 

4.  The  call  number  for  "Cuba,"  in  the  picture  of  the  sample 
drawer  is  970:  F.  Ascertain  whether  the  library  contains  a 
copy  of  "My  study  windows,"  and  if  so,  give  the  call 
number  and  the  author. 

5.  Give  the  full  address  of  the  library  which  prints  cards  for 
its  own  use  and  sells  them,  practically  at  cost,  to  other 
libraries. 

6.  What  does  the  "L.  C."  number  of  a  card  mean,  and  what 
part  of  this  number  indicates  the  copyright  year  of  the 
book? 

7.  Name  the  guide  cards  in  the  picture  of  the  sample  drawer. 
If  a  card  catalogue  of  a  large  library  is  convenient,  consult 
it  under  "Washington"  to  see  whether  "guide  cards"  are 
given.  If  so,  count  them,  name  the  first  one  and  the  last 
one,  and  explain  the  general  method  of  distinguishing  the 
entries.  If  the  catalogue  does  not  contain  "guide  cards," 
consult  an  encyclopaedia  under  "Washington,"  and  give  a 
corresponding  explanation  of  the  method  of  separating  the 
different  "Washingtons." 

8.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  phase  of  the  subject,  and  form  one  or  two 
individual  reference  problems. 

93 


GROUP  5: 

A.  READERS'   GUIDE. 

B.  OTHER   MAGAZINE  INDEXES. 

C.  DEBATES. 

D.  SPECIAL    DAY    CELEBRATIONS. 

E.  PICTURE    FIRMS. 

A:  INDEXES  TO  MAGAZINE  ARTICLES; 
READERS'  GUIDE  TO  PERIODICAL  LITERATURE. 

An  index  to  the  many  articles  in  the  best  magazines  is  one  of 
the  great  achievements  of  modern  reference  indexing.  Standard 
magazines  constitute  our  best  source  for  current  literature  and  for 
information  regarding  current  events.  Many  articles  are  cf  perma- 
nent value,  while  many  others  are  of  passing  interest  only. 

A  thorough  knowledge  of  magazine  indexes,  of  the  abbrevia- 
tions used  in  them,  and  of  the  plan  upon  which  they  are  arranged, 
is  indispensable  for  good  reference  work.  The  most  practical  of 
these  current  indexes  is  the  Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature, 
published  at  White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  by  the  H.  W.  Wilson  Company. 
This  Guide  indexes  articles  for  nearly  one  hundred  selected  maga- 
zines, and  for  other  selected  publications,  as  follows: 

a:     Magazines,  and  special  publications  included,  are  listed  at 
the  front,  under  abbreviations  used  in  the  Guide;  publisher 
and  price  given. 
b:     A  few  important  United  States  government  publications. 
c:     Chapters  in  a  few  seletced  books. 

d:     Articles  of  the  selected  magazines  are  entered  under: 
Author. 

Title,  if  a  story. 
Subject. 

Portraits,  maps,  and  important  illustrations. 
Published  monthly;  cumulated  (that  is,  the  monthly  issues  are 
gathered  together  and  republished  in  one  alphabet)   quar- 
terly. 

Plan  on  which  the  Readers'  Guide  is  cumulated. 

The  January  number  indexes  articles  in  the  January  periodicals. 

The  February  number  indexes  articles  for  January  and  Febru- 
ary in  one  alphabet. 

The  March  number  indexes  articles  for  January,  February  and 
March  in  one  alphabet. 

The  March  number  completes  the  first  quarter.  Cumulation  is 
then  begun  over  again  for  the  second  quarter.  At  the  end  of  each 
quarter  the  cumulation  goes  back  to  January,  as: 

94 


The  April  number  indexes  articles  in  April  periodicals  only. 

The   May  number  indexes   articles  for  April  and   May. 

The  June  number  indexes  for  six  months  from  January  to  June. 

The  July  number  indexes  for  one  month;  August  for  two 
months;  September  for  nine  months;  October  for  one  month; 
November  for  two  months;  December  for  twelve  months. 

Five  December  or  yearly  numbers,  cumulated  in  one  alphabet, 
constitute  a  volume,  as: 

Volume  1 :  Covers  the  years  1900-1904,  in  one  alphabet. 
Volume  2:  Covers  the  years  1905-1909,  in  one  alphabet. 
Volume    3:     Covers    the    years    1910-1914,    in    one    alphabet. 

The  specimen  entry  from  the  Readers'  guide,  herewith  insert- 
ed by  the  courtesy  of  the  publishers,  will  serve  to  show  the  plan 
upon  which  the  articles  are  indexed.  In  the  "List  of  periodicals 
indexed"  given  at  the  front  of  each  issue  of  the  guide,  the  magazine 
referred  to  by  any  abbreviation  can  be  found.  Notice,  by  consult- 
ing the  specimen  page,  that  the  general  topic  of  "Birds"  is  sub- 
divided under  ''Economic  value,"  etc.  Read  the  topics  to  the 
bottom  of  the  first  column.  Are  these  sub-topics  arranged  in 
alphabetical  order?  Following  the  topics,  the  countries  are  given. 
How  are  they  arranged?  Under  the  topic  "Protection"  are  the 
articles  sub-arranged  in  any  special  order?  Find  the  one  entitled 
"Fight  for  the  birds."  Who  is  the  author?  The  article  was  printed 
in  a  magazine  abbreviated  how?  Where  will  the  full  name  of  the 
magazine  be  entered?  (Fortnightly  Review.)  The  first  number  is 
always  the  volume,  the  second  the  consecutive  pages  in  the  volume. 
This  article  will  therefore,  be  found  in  which  magazine?  in  which 
volume?  beginning  on  which  page,  and  ending  on  which  page? 
The  article  covers  how  many  pages?  It  was  printed  in  what  month, 
of  what  year?  Articles  are  indexed  under  author  as  well  as  under 
subject.  Under  what  name,  therefore,  will  it  again  be  entered? 
For  the  third  entry  under  United  States,  give  the  name  of  the 
article  and  of  the  author.  That  the  article  is  illustrated  is  indicated 
how?  In  what  volume  of  the  National  Geographic  Magazine  was  it 
published?  Under  what  other  heading  will  the  article  be  entered? 
Under  "Birds  of  prey,"  last  entry  for  birds,  cross  references  are 
given  to  what  other  birds? 

Give  the  magazine,  volume,  page,  and  date  containing  a  portrait 
of  Bismarck,  and  also  the  same  for  H.  B.  Birmingham. 

The  first  article  by  Zenas  Black  is  on  what  subject?  It  will 
therefore  be  entered  again  under  what  word?  The  full  name  of  the 
magazine    in    which    this    article    is    published    can    be    found   how? 

95 


34 


Specimen  Entry  From 
READERS'  GUIDE  TO  PERIODICAL  LITERATURE 


Birds — Continued. 

Economic    value. 
Birds    as    under-gardeners.     G.     R.     Shore,     il. 

Craftsman.   26:    335-6.   Je.    '14. 
Friendly  birds.     House  B.   35:   sup.   32.   Ap.   '14. 
Garden-making    and    some      of    the    garden's 
stories.  G.  Tabor.  St.  N.  41:  730-3.  Je.  '14. 

Food. 

Winter  feeding.   W.   L.   Skinner,   il.  Bird  Lore. 

16:  8-10.  Ja.  '14. 
"Winter  feeding   in    Rochester,    il.    Home    Prog. 

3:  414-5.  My.  '14. 

Habits    and    behavior. 
Bothersome   male.    Liv.    Age.    281:    699-701.   Je. 

13,    '14. 
Origin    of    the    flocking    habit    of    migratory 
birds.  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  il.  Pop.  Sci.  84:  209- 
17.  Mr.  '14. 

Migration. 
Cooperative     study    of     bird    migration.     Biid 

Lore.  16:  180-5.  My.  '14. 
Migration  of  North  American  sparrows.  ,,'. 
W.  Cooke.  Bird  Lore.  16:  19-23,  176-8.  Ja., 
My.  '14. 
Origin  of  the  flocking  habit  of  migratory 
birds.  C.  C.  Trowbridge,  il.  Pop.  Sci.  84:  209- 
17.    Mr.    '14. 

Nests. 
£>Vc  Nests. 

Photographs  and   photography. 

Guy  A.  Bailey  and  bird-photography.  D:  Zuker- 
man.  il.  Home  Prog.  3:  272-5.  F.   '14. 

ToD-notch  of  outdoor  photography.  R.  P.  Hol- 
land,  il.  Outing.  64:  192-201.  My.  '14. 

Poetry. 

To  a  bird  at  dawn.  R:  Le  Gallienne.  Lit  Di- 
gest. 48:  31.  Ja.  3,  '14. 

Protection. 
Bird    sanctuary    for    the    Sign    of    the    wren's 

nest.   Mrs.   J.   O.   Parmele.   il.    Bird  Lore.   16: 

170-1.    My.    '14. 
Economic    preservation    of    birds.    S.    L.    Ben- 

susan.   Contemp.   105:  384-90.  Mr.   '14. 

Egret  protection   for   1914.    Bird   Lore.    16:    72- 

3.  Ja.   '11. 
England's  duty   toward  wild  birds,   an  Ameri- 
can view.    W:    T.    Hornaday.    19th   Cent.    75: 

355-9.   F.    '14 
England's  duty  toward  wild  birds,  an  English 

view.   F.   E.   Lemon.   19th  Cent.    75:   360-4.   F. 

'14. 
England's  plumage  bill.   il.   Bird  Lore  16:  76-8. 

Ja.   '14. 
Fight   for   the   birds.   L.    Gardiner.    Fortn.    101: 

521-33.   Mr.   '14. 
Glorious   results   from    the  junior   campaign   of 

the    Audubon    societies,     il.     Bird    Lore.     16: 

218-42.  My.   '14. 
Meriden    bird    club.    E.    H.    Baynes.    il.    Home 

Prog.   3:   Illfi-JO.   Mr.    '14. 
Nations    and   the   birds.    Outlook.    106:    153*-6*. 

Ja.   24,   '14. 
Private  game  preserve   for  the  countrv  home. 

E.  I.  Pratt  and  M.  H.   Pratt,   il.  Am.  Homes. 

11:  56-9.  F.  '14 
Protection    of    birds    S.    L.     Bensusan.     Fortn. 

101:   765-6.  Ap.   '14. 
Protection    of    our    migratory    birds.    Sci.    Am. 

110:   440.   My.   30,    '11. 
Significance    of    the    national    bird    law.    R.    T. 

Zillmer.    Science,  n.    p.    38:    839-43.   D.    12,   '13. 
Signs   of   the    times.    Bird    Lore.    16:    59-62.   Ja. 

'14. 


Birds — Continued. 

England. 

At    Ravenglass.    M.    D.    Haviland.    Liv.    Age. 

281:   140-5.   Ap.    18,    '14. 

Mexico. 

Naturalist's  journey  around  Vera  Cruz  and 
Tampico.  F.  M.  Chapman,  il.  Nat.  Geog.  M. 
25:  532-62.  My.  '14 

United   States. 

Bird-lore's  fourteenth   Christmas  census.    Bird: 

Lore.    16:   26-50.   Ja.    '14. 
Birds  of   the  western  marshes.    H:    M.    Bland. 

il.   Overland,   n.   s.  63:  181-4.  F.    '14. 
Birds  of  town  and   country.   H:   W.   Henshaw. 

il.   Nat  Geog  M.   25:   494-531.  My.   '14. 
Do   you   want    to   help  to   take    a   bird    census 
of    the    United    States?    Craftsman.    26:    346. 
Je.   '14. 
Results    of    Bird-lore's    Christmas    bird    cen- 
suses. E.  H.   Perkins,  il.  Bird  Lore.  16:  13-8. 
Ja.  '14. 
Birds,  Color  of.  See  Color  of  birds. 
Birds,    Fossil. 
Biggest   bird   that  ever  lived.   R.  W.  Shufeldt. 
Sci.  Am.   110:  248-9.  Mr.   21,  '14. 
Birds  of  prey. 

Sec  also  Hawks;  Vultures. 
Birge,    Edward   Asahel,  1851- 

Change   of   educational   emphasis.   N.  Foerster. 
Essays  for  college  men.  230-62. 
Birkeland,    Ingoll. 
Bacterial  versus  inorganic  fertilizers.  Sci.  Am. 
110:   2S3.   Ap.   4,    '14. 
Birmingham,    George    A.,    pseud.      See    Hannay, 

James  Owen. 
Birmingham,   H.   B. 

Portrait.  R.   of  Rs.   49:   649.   Je.    '14. 
Birth   of  the  god  of  war:   storj .  M.   C.  Mena.   il. 

Cent.  88:  45-9.   My.   '14. 
Birth   rate. 
Diminishing   birth-rate:    is    it    a   national   dan- 
ger?  J.    A.    Rigby.    19th   Cent.    75:    434-45.    F. 
'14. 

Bishop,    Anna    Bartram. 

In  Yoctangee.  Forum.  51:  655-63.  My.  '14. 
Bishop,  Avard   Longley. 
Promotion    of    foreign    commerce.    Atlan.    113: 
605-15.   My.   '14. 
Bishop,    Ella   Coates. 

Way  of  a  maid.   Ladies'   H.   J.    31:  14.   Je.    '14. 
Bishop,   Mrs.   Mary  Axtell,  1859- 
Back    home;    poem.    Cath.    World    99:    49.    Ap. 
'14. 
Elsmarck-Schbnhausen,     Otto     Eduard     Leopold, 
prince   von.   1815-1898. 
Portrait.   Scrib.   M.   55:   215.   F.    '11. 
Bisons,  American.  See  Buffaloes. 
Eites,  Venomous.  See  Venom. 
Bitterness — a  sermon.  G.  A.  J.  Ross.  Bib.  World. 

43:    219-25.    Ap.    '14. 
Bitumen.  See  Asphalt. 
Bituminous  coal.   See   Coal. 
Bivalves. 

Sec  also  Oysters. 
Bixby,    James   Thompson,   1843- 

After    death — what?    Harper.    128:    945-50.    My. 
'14. 
Bjbrkman,    Edwin,   1866- 
Julien:   an  opera  saved   from   itself.   Harp.   W. 
58:   23.  Ap.   4,   '14. 


From  the  date  of  the  magazine,  tell  whether  it  is  published  weekly 
or  monthly?  What  name  will  it  come  under  as  author?  Is  the 
last  article  on  the  page  in  a  weekly  or  a  monthly  magazine? 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  THE  READERS'  GUIDE. 

1.  If  a  portrait  of  some  prominent  person,  Woodrow  Wilson, 
for  example,  has  appeared  in  one  or  more  of  a  number  of  standard 
magazines,  would  it  be  indexed  in  the  Readers'  guide? 

2.  What  is  meant  by  saying  that  the  Readers'  guide  is  "Cumu- 
lated quarterly"?     "Cumulated  every  five  years"? 

3.  Does  the  first  number  given  under  any  topic  in  the  Readers' 
guide,  and  usually  in  other  magazine  indexes  also,  refer  to  volume 
or  to  page?  The  second  numbers  refer  to  what?  Of  what  value 
is  the  dash  between  pages?  Is  the  full  name  of  the  magazine 
given?  Where  is  the  full  name  entered?  Is  the  date  of  the  maga- 
zine, as  well  as  the  volume,  given?  How  are  weekly  publications 
distinguished  from  monthly? 

4.  If  any  issue  of  the  Readers'  guide  is  available,  consult  it 
under  "Railroads"  and  notice  that  articles  are  arranged  alpha- 
betically under  topics.  What  is  the  first  topic  given?  What  the 
last?  Are  the  topics  themselves  in  alphabetical  order?  What  is 
the  full  reference  for  the  first  article?  After  topics,  countries  are 
sub-arranged  alphabetically.  What  is  the  first  and  what  is  the  last 
country  mentioned? 

5.  a.  Whether  the  articles  which  appeared  in  the  following 
named  magazines  are  indexed  in  the  Readers'  guide  could  be  deter- 
mined by  consulting  what  list  and  in  what  part  of  the  Guide? 
''Good-housekeeping,"  "Practical  Mechanics,"  "Pearson's,"  "Scrib- 
ner."  What  publications  of  the  United  States  government  are 
indexed? 

b.  If  any  copy  of  the  Readers'  guide  is  available,  give  the 
full  address  and  the  publisher's  price  for  the  Atlantic  Monthly  and 
for  the   Dial. 

6.  How  many  volumes  of  the  Readers'  guide  have  been  pub- 
lished?    Give  the  years  included  in  each  volume. 

7.  If  the  Guide  is  consulted  late  in  November  for  all  articles 
indexed  for  that  current  year,  what  issues  should  be  used?  How 
many  months  are  included  in  the  March  issue?  in  June?  in  August? 
in  September?  in  December?  How  many  December,  or  yearly, 
issues  constitute   a  volume? 

8.  For  experience,  index  independently,  if  convenient,  any 
article  in  any  magazine  which  is  indexed  regularly  in  the  Guide, 
and  test  the  entries  by  the  Guide  which  contains  the  date  of  the 
magazine  selected.     Use  separate  slips  of  paper  for  each  entry. 

97 


GROUP  5: 

A.  READERS'   GUIDE. 

B.  OTHER   MAGAZINE   INDEXES. 

C.  DEBATES. 

D.  SPECIAL    DAY    CELEBRATIONS. 

E.  PICTURE  FIRMS. 

B:     INDEXES  TO  MAGAZINE  ARTICLES; 

OTHER    THAN 

THE  READERS'  GUIDE  TO  PERIODICAL  LITERATURE. 

Examine  the  indexes  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  a  strong 
effort  to  keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each 
one,  as  a  fortification  for  future  needs. 

1.  Supplement  to  the  Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature,  X.  Y., 
White  Plains,  Wilson  Co. 

a.  Indexes  about  50  periodicals  not  included  in  the  Readers' 
guide;  listed  at  the  front. 

b.  The  plan  of  indexing  is  similar  to  that  used  in  the  Readers' 
guide,  except  that  it  is  issued  bi-monthly,  omitting  one 
summer  month,  and  each  number  is  fully  cumulated. 

2.  Industrial  arts  index.     N.  Y.,  White  Plains,  Wilson  Co. 

a.  An  index  to  about  50  trade  and  engineering  periodicals; 
listed  at  the  front. 

b.  The  plan  of  indexing  follows  that  of  the  Readers'  guide, 
except  that  the  articles  are  indexed  by  subject  only.  It 
is  published  five  times  a  year;  each  number  is  fully  cumu- 
lated. 

3.  Annual  magazine  subject-index.     Boston  Book  Co. 

a.  Part     1.       Indexes    magazines    and    social    publications    of 

general  interest,  not  included  in  the  Readers'  guide; 
many  English  magazines  are  included;  list  given  at  the 
front. 

b.  Part  2.        Dramatic  index;   indexes  all   important   magazine 

articles  on  the  drama,  regardless  of  other  indexes. 

c.  Part  3.     Current  dramatic  books  and  piays,   indexed. 

4.  Poole  and   Fletcher.     Index   to   periodical   literature,    1802-190'). 
a.      Indexes,   by   subject    only,   articles   published   in    magazines 

for   practically    the    first    one    hundred    years    of    magazine 
publication;    discontinued   after    1906. 

Vol.  1:   1S02-1881    (2    parts)  Vol.  4:   1892-1896 

Vol.  2:   1882-1886  Vol.  5:  1.897-19^1 

Vol.  3:   1887-1891  Vol.  6:   1902-1905 

98 


5.  Most  magazines  publish  an  annual  index  of  their  own.  Some 
magazines  occasionally  cumulate  them  to  cover  a  number  of 
years.     The  following  are  important. 

a.  Educational  review  index,  vol.  1-25. 

b.  Forum  index,  vol.  1-32. 

c.  Atlantic  monthly  index,  vol.  1-88 

d.  St.  Nicholas  index  (for  children). 
Vols.  1-27  indexed  in  separate  volume. 

Vols.  28-36   indexed   in   Wilson   Children's   Catalogue, 
1st  ed.,  and  also  in  separate  volume. 

e.  See,   if  available,   word   "index"   in   the   United   States 

catalogue  of  books  in  print,  illustrated  and  described 
under    Group    7-B. 

6.  Magazine  agencies. 

There  are  many  good  magazine  agencies  that  are  able  to  offer 
reduced  rates  for  magazines.    The  following  are  a  few: 
Grumiaux — Leroy,  N.  Y. 

Hanson — Bennett,  223  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,   Chicago. 
Moore — Brockport,   N.   Y. 
McClurg — Chicago. 
McDonald,   Miss  Theo. — Detroit. 
H.  W.  Wilson  Co.,  White  Plains,  N.  Y. 

7.  Ayer  and  Severance  are  two  good  guides  to  newspaper  and 
magazine  publications.     Explained  in   Group  7:A. 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  MAGAZINE  INDEXES; 
OTHER  THAN  THE  READERS'  GUIDE. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed; 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  convenient, 
use  them  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving  the  date 
or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a  guide,  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  The  best  magazine  articles  on  some  technical  subject  in 
connection  with  trade  or  engineering,  e.  g.,  plumbing,  would  be 
most  likely  to  be  found  in  which  magazine  index?  2.  How  fre- 
quently is  this  index  published  and  cumulated?  Are  authors 
indexed?     2:  a  and  b. 

2.  The  main  issue  of  the  Readers'  guide  is  supplemented  by 
what  index,  and  about  how  many  more  magazines  are  included?. 
How  frequently  is  it  published  and  cumulated?     1:  a,  b. 

99 


3.  Articles  in  many  English  magazines,  e.  g.,  "The  London 
Strand,"  would  be  indexed  in  what  index  and  in  which  part?    3:  a. 

4.  Articles  which  appeared  before  1900  in  leading  magazines, 
e.  g.,  "The  Century,"  or  the  "Atlantic,"  would  be  indexed  in  which 
magazine  index?  Would  they  be  indexed  by  author?  4:a.  Would 
they  be  indexed  by  author  as  well  as  subject  after  1900  in  the 
Readers'  guide?     (Review  question.) 

5.  Recent  magazine  articles  on  dramatic  subjects,  "Irish 
plays"  or  "moving  pictures,"  for  example,  would  be  given  most 
completely  in  what  index,  and  under  what  part?  Might  other 
indexes  also  include  certain  of  these  subjects?     3:  b. 

6.  An  article  on  "Trackeray,"  for  example,  which  appeared 
before  1880  in  a  prominent  magazine,  would  be  found  in  which 
index,  which  volume,  and  probably,  which  part?     4. 

7.  Where  are  the  articles  for  St.  Nicholas  indexed?     5:  d. 

8.  How  can  magazines  frequently  be  secured  at  reduced  rates? 
Give  three  addresses.    6. 

9.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of  refer- 
ence material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  independent 
analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject,  and  form 
one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 


100 


GROUP  5: 

A.  READERS'  GUIDE. 

B.  OTHER   MAGAZINE   INDEXES. 

C.  DEBATES. 

D.  SPECIAL    DAY    CELEBRATIONS. 

E.  PICTURE   FIRMS. 


DEBATES. 


Outlines  and  briefs  for  debates  are  subject  to  abuse  as  well  as 
to  use.  If  prepared  briefs  are  used  too  freely,  the  temptation  is  to 
depend  upon  them,  thereby  weakening  the  power  of  self-directed 
thought.  However,  subjects  and  facts  and  references  for  them 
are  essential;  and  an  effort  to  save  time  and  energy  in  securing 
them,  is  a  wise  economy,  if  cautiously  used. 

A  debater  should  be  familiar  with  books  on  the  principles  of 
debating,  books  on  parliamentary  law,  and  collections  of  the  best 
orations  and  debates  of  different  ages,  as  well  as  with  suggested 
subjects  and  their  briefs. 

DEBATE  BOOKS  THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort  to 
keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one,  as  a 
fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  good  books,  that  are  available, 
and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.  Alden,  R.  M.     Art  of  debate.     Chicago.     Holt.    $1.12. 

a.  Gives  practical  instruction  in  the  methods  of  argumentation. 

b.  Includes  a  few  illustrations  and  briefs  on  suggested  subjects. 

2.  Brookings,  W.  D.  and  Ringwalt,  R.  C.  eds.     Briefs  for  debate. 
N.  Y.     Longmans.     $1.25. 

a.     Briefs    and    references    on    both    sides    of   many    suggested 
questions. 

3.  Craig,  A.  M.     Pros  and  cons.   N.  Y.     Hinds.    $1.50. 

Gives  briefs;   no   index. 

4  Foster,  William  T.     Argumentation  and  debating.       Chicago. 
Houghton.    $1.25. 

5.  Henry  W.  H.     How  to  organize  and  conduct  a  meeting.     N.  Y. 
Hinds.  75c. 

6.  Intercollegiate  debates.    3  vols.     N.  Y.     Hinds.    $1.50  per  vol. 

a.  College  debates  on  many  questions  with  briefs  and  refer- 
ences. 

b.  Volumes  2  and  3  give  full  speeches. 

101 


7.  Matson,    Henry.      References    for    literary    workers.      Chicago. 
McClurg.     $2.00. 

Gives  briefs  and  references  on  both  sides  of  many  ques- 
tions. 

8.  Pittsburgh,    Carnegie    Library.      Debate    index.      2nd    edition. 
Paper.    25c. 

Subjects    arranged    alphabetically,    with    guides    to    books 
giving  briefs  and  references. 

9.  Ringwalt,  R.  C. 

a.  Briefs  on  public  questions.     N.  Y.     Longmans.     $1.20. 

b.  American  public  questions.     N.  Y.     Holt.     $1.12. 

Each  book  gives  briefs  and  references  on  both  sides  of 
many  public  questions. 

c.  Modern  American  oratory.     Chicago.     Holt.     $1.50. 

10.    Rowton,  Frederick.     How  to  conduct  a  debate.     N.  Y.  Long- 
mans.    $2.00. 

11    Robbins,  E.  C.    High  school  debate  book.     Chicago.     McClurg. 
$1.00. 

12.  Roberts,  H.  M.    Rules  of  order.    N.  Y.     Scott    75c. 

Parliamentary   laws    governing   the    conduct    of   organized 
meetings. 

13.  Speaker.     Vols.  1-7.     N.  Y.     Hinds.    $1.50  per  vol. 

14.  Shurter   and   Taylor.      Both    sides   of    one    hundred    questions. 
N.  Y.     Hinds.     $1.25. 

15.  Debater's    handbook    series.      A    series    of    about   25    volumes. 
N.  Y.     White  Plains.     Wilson  Co.     $1.00  per  vol. 

a.     Each  volume   contains   bibliography,   a  brief,   and   reprints 
of  important  articles  covering  both  sides  of  the  question. 

16.  Abridged    Debater's   handbook    series.      N.    Y.      White    Plains. 
Wilson   Co.     25c  per  pamphlet. 

A  series  of  about  ten  pamphlets. 
a.     Similar    to    the    handbook    series,    but    published    only    on 
subjects  for  which  there  is  little  material  or  for  which  the 
demand  will  be  merely  temporary.     Each  volume  contains 
a  brief,  a  bibliography  and  reprints  of  important  articles. 

17.  Wilson  Package  Library.     N.  Y.     White  Plains. 

a.     This   library   consists   of   articles   clipped    from    magazines, 
pamphlets,  public  documents,  etc.,  which  may  be  rented  for 

102 


a  limited  time.    Write  for  catalogue,  supplied  free.    Wilson 
Package  Library,  Wilson  Co.     White  Plains,  N.  Y. 
This  pamphlet  gives  suggestions  on  debates. 

b.  1.     Debaters'  annual.     $1.80. 

Gives  speeches  on  both  sides  of  many  intercollegiate 
debates.     Bibliography. 
2.     Debaters'  manual.     $1.00. 

Gives  all  necessary  steps  in  preparing  and  in  conduct- 
ing a  debate.     Bibliography. 

18.  Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature,  other  magazine  indexes 
and  card  catalogues  should  be  kept  in  mind  as  aids  for  debating 
material;  also  articles  and  references  in  general  and  special 
encyclopaedias  allied  to  the  subject. 

19.  Collections  of  standard  debates  and  orations. 

a.  Lee.     World's  orators.     10  vols.     N.  Y.     Putnam. 

b.  Brewer.  World's  best  orations.     10  vols.  N.  Y.     E.  C.  Hill. 

c.  Bryan,    W.   J.     World's    famous    orations.      10   small    vols. 
N.  Y.     Funk. 

20.  Some  of  the  references  given  in  advanced  lessons  are  needed 
for  debating,  but  being  advanced,  they  are  not  listed  here, 
(e.  g.,  Congressional  Records;  Group  8:  A.  "Public  affairs 
information  service;"  Group  6:  B.  "United  States  catalogue  of 
books  in  print,"  and  its  supplements  under  "debates,"  or  subject 
chosen,  Group  7:  B.) 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  DEBATE  MATERIAL. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  convenient, 
use  them  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving  the  date 
or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a  guide,  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  A  list  of  suggested  questions  for  debates  with  arguments 
and  references  on  both  sides  could  be  found  in  a  number  of  books 
in  the  list.     Name  three. 

2.  An  index  to  many  subjects  for  debate,  guiding  to  books 
which  give  briefs  and  references  for  both  sides,  has  been  prepared 
by   what   library?      No.   8. 

3.  Clippings  and  selected  articles  on  certain  subjects  can  be 
16,  and  17:b.l. 

103 


4.  References  to  many  magazine  articles  on  the  subject  under 
discussion  could  probably  be  found  in  what  magazine  guide? 

5.  The  books  in  a  local  library  which  bear  on  the  question 
could  be  found  by  using  what  index? 

6.  A  series  of  books  which  reprint  articles  on  both  sides  of  a 
number  of  questions  has  been  published  by  what  firm?  Nos.  IS 
and  16. 

7.  Suggestions  of  how  to  organize  and  conduct  a  meeting 
could  be  found  in  what  work?    No.  5  and  17 :b,  2. 

8.  Rules  for  guidance  in  parliamentary  practice  can  be  found 
in  what  book?     No.  12  and  17:b,2. 

9.  Name  an  advantage  and  a  disadvantage  in  using  books  of 
prepared  debates. 

10.  Name  three  good  collections  of  orations.     No.  19,  a-c. 

11.  If  the  "United  States  catalogue  of  books  in  print,"  and 
the  supplements  are  available,  consult  them  under  the  word 
"debate"  and  allied  subjects  such  as  "oratory,"  to  form  some  idea 
of  the  number  of  books  prepared  on  the  subject.  (This  catalogue 
is  illustrated  and  described  under  Group  7:  B.) 

12.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 


104 


GROUP    5: 

A.  READERS'    GUIDE. 

B.  OTHER    MAGAZINE    INDEXES 
C    DEBATES 

D*.  SPECIAL    DAY    CELEBRATIONS 
E.  PICTURE     FIRMS. 

D:     SPECIAL  DAY  CELEBRATIONS. 

One  of  the  features  of  school  life,  and  also  of  club  life,  is  the 
celebration  of  special  days.  To  find  scattered  material  for  such 
celebrations  requires  considerable  time  and  effort.  A  number  of 
good  guides  to  poems,  recitations,  and  topics  have  been  prepared 
by  libraries  and  individuals  to  facilitate  the  search  for  such  material. 

GUIDES  TO  SPECIAL  DAY  CELEBRATIONS 
THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort  to 
keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one  as  a 
fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  goods  books  that  are  available 
and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.  Beard,  Lina.   American  girls'  handybook.  N.  Y.  Scribner.   $2.00. 

Contains    suggestions    for    games    for    young    people    for 
special  day  celebrations. 

2.  Card  catalogue  of  local  library  under  the  day,  or  allied  subjects. 

3.  Chambers.     Book  of  days.     2  vols.     Phil.     Lippincott.    $5.00. 

Arranged  in  calendar  order.  Indexed  at  the  back  of  Vol.  2. 

4.  Cleveland,  Public  Library.  Reading  lists  for  special  days; 
formerly  published  as  Nos.  1-8  of  school  holiday  series.  N.  Y. 
White  Plains.     Wilson.     50c;  paper,  25c. 

5.  Deems,  E.  M.     Holy-days  and  holidays.     N.  Y.     Funk.     $5.00. 

Especially  good  for  church  celebrations. 

6.  Edmunds  and  Williams.  Toasters'  handbook.  N.  Y.  White 
Plains.     Wilson.     $1.25. 

a.  Jokes,  stories  and  quotations  suitable  for  toasts. 

b.  Arranged  alphabetically  by  key  word. 

7.  Ford,  Jas.  L.     Every  day  in  the  year.     N.  Y.     Dodd.     $2.00. 

Short  poems,  arranged  in  calendar  order,  under  the  days; 
includes  birthdays  of  prominent  people. 

8.  Granger,  Edith.  Index  to  poetry  and  recitations.  (More  fully 
explained  under  "special  indexes."     Group   7.) 

Suggestions  may  be  found   for  the   celebration  of  special 
days,  under  "Special  Days"  at  the  back. 

105 


9.    Gray,  A.  S.     Toasts  and  tributes.     N.  Y.     Stokes.    $1.75. 

10.  See  the  word  "Holiday"  in  the  "United  States  catalogue  of 
books  in  print,"  and  its  yearly  and  monthly  supplements,  the 
"Cumulative  book  index,"  for  books  published  on  holidays. 
Books  are  listed,  with  publisher  and  price,  without  regard  to 
their  value.  This  catalogue  is  illustrated  and  described  under 
Group  7:  B. 

11.  Hazeltine,  Mary  C.  Anniversaries  and  holidays.  Madison, 
Wisconsin.     Free   library   commission.     25c. 

a.  Suggestions    and    references    arranged    in    calendar    order 

under  days. 

b.  A  valuable  index,  though  the  first  edition  is  out  of  print. 

12.  Hofmann,  M.  C.     Games  for  everybody.     N.  Y.     Dodge.     50c. 

13.  McCurdy,  R.  M.  Bibliography  of  articles  relating  to  holi- 
days. Boston  Book  Store,  Boston.  25c.  (First  edition  is 
out  of  print.) 

14.  Olcott,  F.  J.  Good  stories  for  great  holidays.  Boston.  Hough- 
ton.    $2.00.     Arranged  for  story  telling  and  reading  aloud. 

15.  Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature. 

a.  Consult  under  name  of  day  or  allied  subjects  for  magazine 
articles. 

b.  For  magazines  published  before  1900,  consult  Poole's  index. 

c.  Frequently  other  magazine  indexes  will  reveal  material. 

16.  Le  Row,  C.  B.    Pieces  for  every  occasion.    N.  Y.    Hinds.    $1.25. 

a.  Collection    of    short    selections    of    prose    and    poetry    for 
different  occasions. 

b.  Classified  subject  index  at  the  front. 

17.  Reynolds,  C.     Banquet  book.     N.  Y.     Putnam.    $1.75. 

Short  quotations,  mainly  for  toasts;  under  subject. 

18.  Schauffler,  R.  H.  (editor).  Our  American  holidays.  8  vols. 
N.  Y.     Moffat.     $1.00  per  vol. 

a.  Arbor  day;  history,  observance,  spirit  and  significance. 

b.  Christmas;  origin;   celebration. 

c.  Lincoln's  birthday. 

d.  Memorial  day;  its  celebration,  spirit  and  significance. 

e.  Thanksgiving;  origin,  celebration,  spirit  and  significance,  as 

related  in  prose  and  verse. 

f.  Washington's  birthday;  its  history,  observance,  spirit  and 
significance,  as  related  in  prose  and  verse. 

106 


19.  Walsh,  W.  S.  Curiosities  of  popular  customs.  Phil.  Lippincott. 
$3.50. 

a.  Articles    of    fair    length    on    the    history    of    customs    and 
holidays. 

b.  Arranged  alphabetically  by  subject. 

20.  Wood,  N.  B.    Quotations  for  occasions.     N.  Y.    Century.   $1.00. 

21.  Local  libraries,  Boards  of  education  and  State  library  com- 
missions frequently  publish  lists  and  aids  for  special  day 
celebrations. 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  GUIDES  FOR 
SPECIAL   DAY    CELEBRATION. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books 
listed.  Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the 
books  are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are 
convenient,  use  them  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always 
giving  the  date  or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a  guide,  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  A  series  of  books  on  American  holidays  has  been  edited 
by  whom?  Published  where?  And  at  what  price  per  volume?  No. 
18. 

2.  Either  from  memory  or  by  consulting"  Concordances  that 
should  be  known,"  name  a  book  which  gives  quotations  entered 
under  subjects,  which  might  aid  in  arranging  toasts  or  other 
programs.     Group   1:B;   No.  2:b:3  in  list. 

3.  Suggestions  for  quotations  for  banquets  could  be  found  in 
what  book  here  listed?     No.  17. 

4.  Stories  and  jokes  on  different  subjects  for  toasts  could  be 
found  in  what  book?  (Use  with  care  to  prevent  the  repetition  of 
jokes.)      No.  6. 

6.  A  collection  of  poems  arranged  in  calendar  order  suggest- 
ing those  suitable  for  certain  days,  e.  g\,  February  12,  has  been 
made  by  whom?     No.  7. 

7.  Magazine  articles  on  any  holiday,  e.  g.,  Easter,  could  be 
found  by  using  what  guides?     (Name  at  least  two.)     No.  15,  a-c. 

8.  Books  which  the  local  library  contains  on  the  desired 
holiday,  could  be  found  how?     No.  2. 

107 


9.  In  the  back  of  what  valuable  index  to  poems  and  recita- 
tions could  suggestions  be  found  for  the  celebration  of  special 
days?     No.  8. 

10.  What  picture  firms  publish  lists  of  suggested  pictures 
suitable  for  different  school  grades?     Group  S:E  marked  *. 

11.  Describe  the  character  and  the  quality  of  the  publications 
of  as  many  of  the  picture  firms  listed  as  are  known. 

12.  A  list  of  books  published  on  the  subject  of  holidays  could 
be  found  by  consulting  what  catalogue?     No.  10. 

13.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 


108 


GROUP   5: 

A.  READERS'    GUIDE. 

B.  OTHER    MAGAZINE    INDEXES. 

C.  DEBATES. 

D.  SPECIAL   DAY   CELEBRATIONS. 

E.  PICTURE    FIRMS. 

E:     FIRMS  HANDLING  REPRODUCTIONS  OF  PICTURES. 

Many  times  pictures  are  desired  for  special  day  celebrations  or 
for  permanent  decoration.  The  firms  mentioned  below  are  respon- 
sible dealers  in  pictures.  Those  publishing  expensive  illustrated 
catalogues  usually  make  a  charge  for  them,  though  in  all  cases 
they  are  more  than  worth  it  as  an  art  study  alone.  Information 
regarding  the  character  and  price  of  pictures  handled,  which  range 
from  one-half  cent  in  some  firms  to  eighty  dollars  or  more  in 
others,  will  be  furnished  upon  application. 
List  of  photograph  dealers: 

L.  M.  Hooper,  Public  Library,  Brookline,  Mass.     15c. 
Braun  &  Co.,  256  Fifth  Ave.,  N.  Y.     Catalogue  35c. 

Art  nature  and  portrait  reproductions,  from  $2.00  to  $80.00. 
Chicago  Art  Education  Co.,  218  South  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago. 
Art,  nature  and  portrait  reproductions,  from  35c  to  $80.00. 
♦Cosmos  Picture  Co.,  119  West  25th  St.,  N.  Y. 

Art,  nature  and  portrait  reproductions,  from  2c  to  20c. 
Curtis  Cameron  Co.     (Copley  prints).     Boston,  Mass.     Cata- 
logue 25c.        Art  reproductions  from  $1.25  to  $30.00. 
Detroit  Photographic  Co.,  Washington  Arcade,  Detroit.  Mich. 
*Elson  Art  Publisihng  Co.,  Belmont,  Mass.     Catalogue  15c. 
Art,  nature  and  portrait  reproductions,  from  5c  to  $75.00. 
Foster  Bros.,  4  Park  Sq.,  Boston,  Mass.     Catalogue  15c. 
Art:    Medici  prints  from  $1.25  to  $16.00. 
Nature:    Davidson  prints  from  35c  to  $5.00. 
Hughes  and   Lyday  Co.,  7-9  Milwaukee  Ave.,   Detroit,  Mich. 
Catalogue  $1.00. 

Art,  nature  and  portrait  reproductions,  from  15c  to  $5.00. 
Perry  Picture  Co.,  Maiden,  Mass.     Catalogue  10c. 

Art,  nature  and  portrait  reproductions,  from  lc  to  $1.00. 
Purnell  Art   Co.,  224  N.   Howard  St.,   Baltimore,   Md.     Cata- 
logue 25c. 

Art,  nature  and  portrait  reproductions,  from  $1.00  to  $10.00. 
Soule  Art  Publishing  Co.,  500-510  Dudley  St.,   Boston,  Mass. 

Catalogue  $2.00,  amount  applied  if  purchase  is  made. 
Tabor-Prang  Art  Co.,  Springfield,  Mass.     Catalogue  $1.00. 

Art,  nature  and  portrait  reproductions,  from  20c  to  $10.00. 
Thompson,  Earl,  Picture   Co.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Blue  prints  to  illustrate  standard  fiction,  cities,  etc.,  from 
2c  to  5c. 
♦Turner,  Horace,  Picture  Co.,  214  Clarendon  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 
Art,  nature  and  portrait  reproductions,  from  lc  to  $10.00. 

'Graded    lists    of    pictures    for    schools. 

109 


GROUP   6: 

A.  YEAR-BOOKS. 

B.  CURRENT   EVENTS. 

C.  HISTORICAL   DATES. 

A:     YEAR-BOOKS  AND  ALMANACS. 

It  is  always  difficult  to  find  information  on  current  or  recent 
events.  Newspaper  articles  are  unsatisfactory,  scattered  and  diffi- 
cult of  access  for  reference.  The  best  provision  made  for  infor- 
mation on  recent  topics  comes  in  the  form  of  year-books  and 
magazines.  A  familiarity  with  the  kind  of  information  in  the  best 
year-books  is  necessary  for  reference  work  in  current  events.  The 
wide  range  of  subjects  included  in  such  books  is  seldom  fully 
realized. 

The  date  on  the  backs  of  year-books  is  usually  one  year  in 
advance  of  the  year  for  which  the  dates  are  recorded. 

YEAR-BOOKS  AND  ALMANACS 
THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort  to 
keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one  as  a 
fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  good  books,  that  are  available, 
and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

Newspaper  Annuals  or  Almanacs. 

1.  World  almanac.     N.  Y.  World.     50c  cloth;  35c  paper. 

An  annual  publication  by  The  World  newspaper  of  New 
York,  giving  a  vast  amount  of  general  information. 

a.  Officials  of  important  societies  in  public  life. 

b.  Many  valuable  tables  on  statistics  of  population  and  other 
items. 

c.  Rulers  of  the  world.     See  under  "rulers"  in  index. 

d.  Well  indexed  at  the  front. 

e.  Index  to  noteworthy  articles  in  previous  editions. 

2.  Many  valuable  almanacs  and  year-books  are  published  by  other 
newspapers,  besides  The  World  of  New  York,  such  as  the 

a.  Chicago  Daily  News,  and  the  Chicago  Tribune. 

b.  Brooklyn  Eagle. 

c.  American  Whitaker. 

English  Annuals. 

3.  Hazell's  annual.     N.  Y.     Scribner.     $1.50. 

a.  A  cyclopaedic  record  of  men  and  topics  of  the  day. 

b.  Arranged  under  topics,  not  countries. 

c.  Index  at  the  front. 

Ill 


4.  Statesman's  year-book.     N.  Y.     Macmillan.    $3.00. 

a.  Statistical  and  commercial  yearly  review  of  the  world, 
arranged  under  countries,  not  topics. 

b.  Gives  names  of  present  rulers,  and  of  persons  in  important 
legislative  bodies  of  the  world. 

c.  Index  at  the  back. 

5.  Whitaker  almanac.     N.  Y.     Scribner.     $1.00. 

a.  Valuable  for  many  current  topics  and  statistics. 

b.  Index  at  the  front. 

Year-Books  to  Encyclopaedias. 

6.  Britannica  year-book.  A  year-book  to  keep  the  Britannica 
encyclopaedia  up  to-date,  1913. 

a.  Articles  on  many  important  subjects,  such  as  science  or 
literature,  giving  review  of  year's  progress.  Articles  are 
written  by  special  students  of  the  subject,  and  are  usually 
signed. 

b.  Index  at  the  back. 

7.  New   international   year-book.     N.    Y.     Dodd.     $6.00. 

a.  A  yearly  compendium  of  the  year's  progress.  Keeps  the 
New  international  encyclopaedia  up-to-date  by  giving  recent 
events.  Published  to  correspond  with  the  regular  volumes 
of  the  encyclopaedia. 

b.  Articles  arranged  in  one  alphabet,  resembling  encyclopaedia 
articles.     No  index. 

8.  Nelson  loose-leaf  encycloaedia  supplants  the  need  of  a 
year-book,  by  issuing  every  six  months  a  series  of  leaves  which 
can  be  bound  in  the  regular  volumes  in  alphabetical  order  by 
means  of  the  loose-leaf  system. 

Year-Book  for  Social  Progress. 

9.  American  year-book.     N.  Y.    Appleton.    $3.50. 

a.  A  yearly  record  of  events  in  progress.  Good  for  social, 
legislative  and  general  topics.     Many  articles  signed. 

b.  Index  at  the  back. 

c.  Index  to  noteworthy  articles  in  previous  editions. 

d.  Encyclopaedia  year-books  are  of  special  value  for  social 
topics. 

Biographical  Annuals. 

10.    Who's  who.     N.  Y.     Macmillan.     $3.75. 

a.  A   biographical   annual   giving  brief  biographies  of  promi- 

nent   living    people;    arranged    alphabetically    under    the 
person's   name,   not  by  position. 

b.  Gives  address  of  person  at  end  of  article. 

112 


11.  Who's  who  in  America.     Chicago.     Marquis.    $4.00. 

a.  A  biographical  annual  giving  brief  biographies  of  promi- 
nent people  living  in  America,  arranged  alphabetically 
under  person's  name,  not  by  position. 

b.  Gives  address  of  person  at  end  of  article. 

c.  Geographical  index  at  the  back;  alphabetical  by  states, 
sub-arranged  by  towns,  making  it  possible  to  find  promi- 
nent people  by  locality. 

Miscellaneous. 

12.  The  plan  of  a  "who's  who,"  or  of  a  "year-book,"  is  used  very 
extensively  for  local  and  special  needs,  such  as: 

a.  Who's  who  in  finance. 

b.  Who's  who  in  science. 

c.  Who's  who  in  music. 

d.  Who's  who  on  the  stage. 

e.  Who's  who  in  the  Methodist  year-book,  and  other  religious 

denominations. 

f.  Woman's  who's  who  in  America. 

g.  Who's  who  or  year-book  for  many  localities,  countries, 
states,  cities,  professions,  and  for  other  purposes. 

13.  If  the  "United  States  catalogue  of  books  in  print"  and  its  yearly 
supplements,  the  ''Cumulative  book  index,"  are  available,  con- 
sult them  under  "year-books,"  to  form  some  conception  of  the 
number  of  books  of  this  character  which  are  published. 
Described  and  illustrated  under  Group  7:   B. 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  YEAR-BOOKS. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  convenient, 
use  them  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving  the  date 
or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed  to  serve  as  a  guide  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  All  year-books  are  primarily  for  current  topics,  though 
different  ones  have  different  aims.  Which  ones  are  especially 
good  for: 

a.  English  topics   (as  well  as  universal)?     3-5. 

b.  Encyclopaedic  treatment  of  current  topics?     6-8. 

c.  Social  progress,  such  as  legislature,  music,  education?    9. 

d.  Newspaper  summaries  such  as  office  holders  in  prominent 
bodies,  population,  important  statistics,  rulers  of  the  world, 
and  an  endless  variety  of  items.    Frequently  tabulated.   1,  2. 

113 


c.  Sketches  of  living  people  of  prominence,  with  addresses? 
10-12. 

f.  Name  several  special  and  local  topics  for  which  year-books 
are  prepared.     12-13. 

2.  a.   A  brief  biography  and  the  present  address  of  any  one  in 

America,  prominent  either  because  of  name,  position, 
or  personal  achievement,  Ernest  Longfellow,  for  ex- 
ample, the  son  of  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow, 
could  be  found  in  what  book,  and  where  in  the  article? 
ll:b. 

b.  Name  a  prominent  man  in  Concord,  N.  H.  (Geographical 
appendix.)       11:  c. 

3.  The  present  address  of  Tagore,  a  prominent  living  Hindu 
poet,  could  be  found  in  which  book,  and  where  in  the  article?    10:  b. 

4.  Consult  the  American  year-book  and  give  the  following: 

a.  Were  any  constitutional  amendments  submitted  for  the 
Kansas  state  constitution  last  year?  (Index,  under  consti- 
tution). 

b.  Was  any  important  action  taken  on  labor  in  any  state 
legislature?     (Index  under  labor.) 

c.  Read  the  main  headings  in  the  table  of  contents. 

d.  Who  wrote  the  article  on  "Libraries"? 

5.  Consult  the  index  of  the  Statesman's  year-book  under  any 
country,  e.  g.,  Spain,  and  notice  the  kind  of  information  given. 
Where  are  her  universities  located? 

6.  A  brief  article  in  great  engineering  feats  of  the  world  for 
the  past  year  would  probably  be  found  in  a  year-book  which  enters 
under  topic  rather  than  under  country.  Name  an  English  annual 
so  arranged.  Could  such  a  topic  be  found  in  the  Statesman's  year- 
book?    In  an  encyclopaedia  year-book? 

7.  A  year-book  dated  1916  on  the  back  would  probably  give 
information  covering  what  year? 

8.  For  problem  number  8,  fill  in  the   table   following. 

9.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 

114 


Table  for  Showing  Comparative  Arrangement  of  Material  in 
Year-Books. 

Three  columns  are  filled  in  to  show  under  different  year-books 
whether  the  information  is  found  through  the  index,  the  contents, 
alphabetically,  as  a  sub-head,  or  not  at  all. 


Name  of 
Year-book. 

World  (1) 
Hazell  (3) 

Statesman  (4) 


Governors 
of  states. 

Index 
Governors 

No 


Index 
State 


Winners  of 
Nobel  Prizes 

Index 
Nobel 

Index 
Nobel 

No 


Events 
of  year 

Index 
Events 

Index 
Diary 

No 


Whitaker  (5) 


Index 
State 


Index 
Nobel 


Index 
Calendar 


Britannica  (6) 


Index 
State 


Index 
Nobel 


Contents 


New   Interna- 
tional (7) 


Alph. 
State 


Alph. 
Nobel 


No 


American 

Year-book  (9) 


Index 
Governors 


No 


Find  any  of  the  following  in  a  similar  way: 


a. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
e. 
f. 


J. 

k. 

1. 

m. 

n. 


President's  cabinet. 

Population  of  prominent  cities. 

Money  used  in  different  countries. 

Presidents  of  universities. 

President  of  the  Federation  of  Labor. 

Legal  holidays. 

Members  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

Senators  of  the  United  States. 

Review  of  year's  work  in  music. 

Religions  of  the  world. 

Important  books  of  the  year. 

Mayors  of  cities. 

Ruler  of  Siam. 

Debts  of  cities. 


Index 
Chronology 


115 


GROUP   6 

A.  YEAR-BOOKS. 

B.  CURRENT    EVENTS. 

C.  HISTORICAL   DATES. 


B:     CURRENT  EVENTS. 

An  index  to  the  dates  of  current  events  must  necessarily  be  a 
temporary  index,  and  refer  mainly  to  newspaper  and  magazine 
files.  Though  these  indexes  are  rather  difficult  to  use,  and  not 
wholly  satisfactory,  yet  a  reference  worker  should  know  the  leading 
ones. 

A  very  valuable  index,  guiding  to  information  on  current 
public  affairs,  has  recently  been  undertaken  by  co-operating  insti- 
tutions and  published  by  the  Wilson  Co.,  of  White  Plains,  N.  Y., 
for  the  small  price  of  $1.00  per  year.  A  sample  page  is  herewith 
inserted  by  the  courtesy  of  the  publishers. 

Consult  the  sample  page  of  "Public  affairs  information  service," 
under  "Deaf  and  dumb,"  noticing  that  there  is  a  sub-topic,  "Educa- 
tion." Any  abbreviations  which  are  not  recognized,  can  be  found 
at  the  front  of  the  full  issue  of  the  index.  Give  full  reference  for 
the  second  entry  under  this  sub-division  "Education." 

Read  the  first  entry  under  "Debating."  What  author  is  referred 
to?  What  journal?  Which  volume?  Which  pages?  Which 
month?   Which  year?   Try  to  interpret  all  entries  under  "Debating." 

Under  "Dairying,"  what  does   "Bibliography"  mean? 

If  references  for  "Dangerous  occupations"  are  desired,  what 
entries  should  be  consulted? 

Under  "cripples,"  find  a  book  on  the  care  and  education  of 
crippled   children. 


116 


Specimen  Entry  for 
PUBLIC   AFFAIRS    INFORMATION    SERVICE 


37 


Cripples 

Care  and  education  of  crippled  children  in  the 
United    States.    E.     Reeves.    252p    il    $2    '14 
Survey  associates 
Unheard  cry.     J.  F.  Sullivan.     207p  il  $1.50  '14 
Smith  &  Lamar 

Attempts  to  portray  the  real  and  unjust 
conditions  under  which  cripples  exist  and 
advocates  the  adoption  of  some  sort  of  edu- 
cational system  for  the  physically  handi- 
capped 

Crises.    See  Panics 

Crop  diversification.    See  Cotton;  Crops 

Crops 
Arkansas — A  convention  of  farmers,  merchants, 
bankers  and  manufacturers  was  called  by 
Gov.  G.  W.  Hays  to  meet  in  Little  Rock,  Nov. 
9,  1914,  to  discuss  crop  diversification  and  a 
campaign  for  the  growing  of  more  feedstuff, 
with  cotton  only  as  a  surplus  crop 
Texas — A  crop  conference  was  held  in  Hous- 
ton, Nov.  9,  1914,  for  the  purpose  of  form- 
ing a  permanent  state  organization  and  of 
emphasizing  the  importance  of  crop  diver- 
sification. Wm.  Uoherty  of  Houston  was 
chairman 

Currency.    See  Banking  and  currency;  Money 


D 


Dairying 

Sec  also  Milk 

Bibliography 
Condensed  list  of  references  for  the  dairy 
farmer.  Conn,  agricultural  extension  service 
and  the  U.  S.  Dept.  of  agriculture.  Bur.  of 
plant  industrv  co-operating.  (Exten  circ  no 
S)   4p  Jl  20  '15 

Damages.  See  Death  damages 
Dams 

General  dam  acts;  The  Coosa  river  dam  act 
and  veto  message  of  President  Taft;  Con- 
necticut river  dam  bill,  1913,  with  letter  and 
statement  from  Henry  L.  Stimson,  sec.  of 
war;  Memorandum  of  acts  of  congress  con- 
cerning power  privileges  at  government 
dams.  In  G:  F.  Swain.  Conservation  of  water 
by  storage,   p  325-48  '15 

Legal    rights     concerning     dams.     A.     L.     H. 
Street.  Power  40:445-6  S  29  '14 
See  also  Water  rights 
Dance   halls 

Chicago  city  council,  April  8,  1915,  passed  an 
ordinance  regulating  public  dance  halls  and 
providing  that  liquor  could  not  be  sold  after 
3  a.  m.  An  amendment  prohibiting  sale  of 
liquor  after  1  a.  m.  was  defeated 

Civic  protection  in  recreation.  In  L.  de  K. 
Bowen.  Safeguards  for  city  youth  at  work 
and  at  play,  p  12-51  '14 

Milwaukee,  Wis. — Dance  hall  ordinance  was  for 
a  second  time  declared  constitutional  by  the 
supreme  court.  The  case  will  probably  be 
appealed  to  the  federal  court  with  the  idea 
of  getting  it  before  the  U.  S.  supreme  court 
(Press  rept,  Mr  23  '15) 
Dance    halls,    Municipal 

Chicago's  dance  halls  have  been  conducted  at 
a  profit  and  Mayor  Harrison  has  ordered 
the  admission  reduced  to  fifteen  cents  for 
one  or  twenty-five  cents  for  two,  with  free 
checking  service 


solute  control  was  killed  by  both  houses 
agreeing  to  have  the  committee  report  on 
Oct.  23,  the  day  of  adjournment  being  Oct. 
22,    1914 

Texas — Resolution  passed  by  the  legislature 
setting  apart  a  certain  room  in  the  state 
capitol  for  the  use  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
Confederacy  was  upheld.  Conley  v.  Texas 
Division  of  United  Daughters  of  Confed- 
eracy, 164  S  W  24 
Day  of  rest.  See  Rest-day,  Weekly 
"Daylight"  legislation 

Executive  committee  of  the  Chicago  assn.  of 
commerce  passed  a  resolution  calling  on 
the  U.  S.  chamber  of  commerce  with  its 
four  hundred  association  members  scattered 
over  the  country,  to  consider  at  its  annual 
meeting  in  Washington,  Feb.  1915,  the 
recommendation  of  the  Chicago  body  that 
a  nation-wide  movement  be  undertaken  to 
gain  more  daylight  at  the  end  of  the  dav 
by  pushing  the  nation's  clock  hands  ahead 
one  hour 

London  city  council  has  ordered  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  by-law  to  start  and  close  business 
an  hour  earlier  than  at  present  (Ap  17  '15) 
Dead  animals 

Removal  of  dead  animals  in  cities:  ordinances 
and  practices  in  nine  large  cities;  provisions 
as    to    transportation    and    disposal.    A.     L. 
Bostwick.  Munic  J  38:64-5  Ja  21  *15 
Deaf  and  dumb 

Care  of  the  blind  and  the  deaf  [by  states] 
In  U.  S.  Bur.  of  the  census.  Summary  of 
state  laws  relating  to  the  dependent  classes, 
1913,   p  343-6  '14 

Deaf,  The:  their  position  in  society  and  the 
provision  for  their  education  in  the  United 
States.  Harry  Best.  340p  *$2  '14  Crowell 

Volta  Review,  published  monthly  by  the  Volta 
bureau  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of 
knowledge  relating  to  the  deaf,  1601  35th  st, 

N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C,  is  publishing  a 
series  of  graphical  charts  presenting  studies 
of  marriages  of  the  deaf.  The  first  eight 
appeared  in  the  May,  1915,  issue  and  each 
succeeding  number  will  contain  eight,  until 
the  entire  series  of  eighty  is   completed 

Education 

Are  the  taxpayers  getting  what  they  pay  for, 
by  J:   D.    Wright;    editorial   comment.     (Re- 
print  no    131)     4p   '15     Volta   bur.,    1601   35th 
St.,   N.   W.,   Washington,   D.   C. 
From  the  Volta  Review  for  February,  1915 

Education  of  the  deaf  in  day  schools.  Frances 
Wettstein.  (Reprints  of  useful  knowledge 
no  112)  7p  '14  Volta  bur.,  1601  35th  St., 
N.  W.,  Washington,   D.  C. 

Reprinted  from  the  Volta  Review  for  Au- 
gust, 1914 

Frederic  J.  Haskin  has  an  interesting  article 
in  the  Schenectady  Gazette,  Jan.  27,  1915,  on 
the  education  of  the  deaf 

Death  damages 
Citations    to    state    laws    relating    to    right    of 
action  for   injuries   causing  death.   U   S   Bur 
Labor  Statistics  Bui  148:83-5  *14 

See  also   Chauffeurs — Liability;   Employers* 
liability 
Death   penalty.  See  Capital  punishment 
Death   records.   See  Vital  statistics 

Debating 

Bureau  of  debate  and  discussion.  Leo  Jones. 
Wash  Univ   Extension   J    1:194-201   O   '14 


CURRENT  EVENT  GUIDES  THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort  to 
keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one,  as  a 
fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  good  books  that  are  available 
and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.  New  York  Times  Index.  N.  Y.,  New  York  Times.  $8.00  per  year. 

A  master  key  to  newspapers;  issued  quarterly.  References 
are  made  by  date,  page  and  column  to  the  New  York  Times 
only;  but  the  index  can  also  serve,  in  a  general  way,  as  a 
key  to  other  newspaper  files. 

2.  London  Times  Index. 

For  many  years  an  index  to  the  files  of  the  London  Times 
has  been  issued  currently,  cumulated  yearly.  References 
are  made  to  the  date,  page  and  column  for  the  London 
Times  only. 

3.  Street's  Pandex  of  the  news.     50  Main  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
$10.00  per  year. 

a.  An  alphabetical  digest  of  temporary  events,  published 
monthly.  Refers  to  the  date  on  which  the  event  occurred, 
thus  serving  as  a  guide  to  the  files  of  most  daily  news- 
papers. 

b.  Official  organ  of  the  American  Institute  of  current  history. 

4.  Public  affairs  information  service.    N.  Y.    White  Plains.    Wilson 
Co.     $1.00  per  year. 

a.  Published  weekly,  cumulated  bi-monthly;  constitutes  a 
guide  to  information  on  public  problems  as  obtained  from 
civic  bodies,  social  organizations,  legislative  and  municipal 
reference  bureaus,  and  other  sources. 

b.  Arranged  in  one  alphabetical  order  by  subject,  with  full 
references  to  the  source  of  information. 

c.  The  reports  and  reviews  which  are  indexed  are  listed  at 
the   front. 

5.  Information.     X.  Y.     Bowker  Co.     $4.00  per  year. 

a.  A   digest  of   current   events   published   monthly;    cumulated 

quarterly. 

b.  Events  arranged  in  alphabetical  order.  Dates  indicated, 
thus  serving  as  a  guide  to  the  files  of  most  daily  papers. 

c.  Displaces  former  publication  known  as  "Index  to  dates." 

6.  Chronological  events  of  the  year  are  usually  given  in  calendar 
order  in  year-books. 

7.  Indexes  to  magazine  articles  are   excellent   for  current   events; 
given  in  Group  5. 

118 


PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  CURRENT  EVENT  GUIDES. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  convenient, 
use  them  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving  the  date 
or' edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed  to  serve  as  a  guide,  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  If  anything  of  importance  occurred  on  April  26th  of  last 
year  it  could  be  found  how?     6. 

2.  A  brief  of  a  current  discussion  on  any  important  public 
affair,  e.  g.,  labor,  could  be  found  in  what  weekly  index?     4. 

3.  What  two  newspapers  publish  valuable  indexes  of  their  files 
that  can  also  be  used  for  guides  to  other  newspaper  files?     1  and  2. 

4.  What  is  the  official  organ  of  the  American  Institute  of 
current  history?     How  frequently  is  it  published?     3. 

5.  What  other  publication  gives  a  digest  of  events,  monthly, 
in  alphabetical  order?     5. 

6.  Name  several  magazine  indexes  which  serve  as  guides  to 
current  events.     7. 

7.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 


119 


GROUP  6: 

A.  YEAR-BOOK8. 

B.  CURRENT  EVENTS. 

C.  HISTORICAL  DATES. 


C:     HISTORICAL   DATES. 

Dates  for  events  in  the  history  of  the  world  may  be  found  in 
many  ways,  and  one  should  never  be  obliged  to  hesitate  as  to 
where  to  look  for  an  important  date,  either  under  event  or  year. 

INDEXES  TO  HISTORICAL  DATES 
THAT   SHOULD   BE   KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort  to 
keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one,  as  a 
fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  good  books  that  are  available 
and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.  Dictionaries  and  encyclopaedias  usually  give  dates  under  name 
of  event.  The  following  special  date  arrangements  in  dic- 
tionaries are  important: 

a.  Historical  dates;  in  reference  history  edition,  only,  of 
Webster's  New  international  dictionary.     Excellent  index. 

b.  In  appendix  to  Literary  Digest  adition,  only,  of  Funk  and 
Wagnalls  New  standard  dictionary,  dates  arranged  chron- 
ologically. 

c:  In  an  appendix  at  the  back  of  Volume  XI.  of  the  Century 
dictionary  of  names,  under: 

1.  Chief  events  of  history  arranged  by  centuries; 

2.  Rulers   of   countries; 

3.  Genealogical  tables; 

4.  Chronological  outline  of  English  and  American  litera- 
ture. 


120 


2.  Dictionary  of  dates.     Everyman's  library.     N.  Y.     Duton.    35c. 

Dictionary  of  important  events,  arranged: 

a.  Alphabetically  under   events; 

b.  Sometimes  by  dates  under  country; 

c.  No   general    chronological   arrangement. 

3.  Haydn.     Dictionary  of  dates.     N.  Y.     Putnam.     $6.00. 

a.  A  dictionary  of  universal  information,  relating  to  all  na- 
tions  and  ages.     Many   editions   since    1841. 

b.  Topics  and  countries  arranged  alphabetically  by  subject; 
sub-arranged  chronologically.     Index  at  the  back. 

c.  Under  countries,  a  list  of  rulers  is  given  at  the  end  of  the 

article. 

4.  Harper.     Book  of  facts.     N.  Y.     Harper.    $8.00. 

a.  Topics  and  countries  arranged  alphabetically;   sub-arrang- 

ed in  tabular  and  chronological  order. 

b.  Under  any  state  a  list  of  governors  and  senators  is  given 
at  the  end  of  article. 

c.  Under  large  cities  a  list  of  its  mayors  is  given  at  the  end 

of  article. 

d.  Under  countries,  a  list  of  its  rulers  is  given  at  end  of 
article. 

5     Heilprin,  Louis.     Historical  reference  book.     N.  Y.     Appleton. 
$2.00. 
a.     Dates  arranged  in  three  ways: 

1.  Under  date,  part  1. 

2.  Under  subject,  part  2. 

3.  Under  biography,  part  3. 

6.     Little,  Charles  E.     Cyclopaedia  of  classified  dates.     N.  Y.    Funk. 
$10.00. 

a.  A  large  volume  of  classified  dates  from  the  earliest  record- 
ed times.  Countries  arranged  alphabetically;  sub-arranged 
under  the  following  classes,  running  in  chronological  col- 
umns, side  by  side. 

1.  Army  and  navy. 

2.  Arts,  science,  nature. 

3.  Births  and  deaths. 

4.  Church. 

5.  Letters  and  society. 

6.  State. 

7.  Miscellaneous. 

b.  Exhaustive  index. 

121 


7.  Ploetz.     Epitome  of  universal  history.     Boston.     Houghton.  $3. 

a.  Dates    arranged    chronologically,    under    ancient,    mediaeval 
and  modern  history;  sub-arranged  by  countries. 

b.  Excellent  index. 

8.  Many  year  books  list  important  events  of  the  year  in  chrono- 
logical order. 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  HISTORICAL  DATES. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books 
listed.  Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the 
books  are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are 
convenient,  use  them  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always 
giving  the  date  or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a  guide,  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  The  mayor  of  Boston  in  1830,  the  governor  of  Texas  in 
1850,  senators  for  Ohio  in  1812,  for  example,  could  be  found  in 
what  book,  and  where  in  the  article?     4:b,c. 

2.  a.     How    could    an    event    which    occurred    on    the    4th  of 

March  in  the  year  1851  be  found?     1  :b. 
b.     On  the  4th  of  March  of  last  year?     8. 

3.  Consult  the  word  "Dates"  in  the  index  to  the  World 
almanac,  and  from  the  "Table  of  memorable  dates,"  name  five 
important  ones  in  different  periods  of  the  world's  history.  Find 
one  of  the  dates  in  some  other  book. 

4.  a.     Consult    the    "Chronological   table    of   the    chief    events 

of  history"  at  the  back  of  Volume  XI  of  the  Century 
dictionary  and  name  the  centuries  in  which  Rome  was 
the  leading  influence, 
b.  Consult  the  list  of  rulers  and  name  the  first  king  of 
Persia,  with  date;  the  fifth  vice-president  of  the  United 
States,  with  dates;  the  first  sultan  of  Turkey,  with  dates. 

5.  Consult  the  index  to  the  Reference  history  edition  of 
Webster's  New  international  dictionary  under  "Cuba."  Glance 
through  the  points  indexed  and  look  up  "education."  (34-2  means 
page  34,  second  column,  in  the  history  section  at  the  back  of  this 
edition  of  the  dictionary.)  Notice  the  chronological  history  at  the 
end  of  the  article. 

6.  To  become  familiar  with  the  arrangement  of  a  few  indexes 
to  historical  dates,  tell  where  the  following  could  be  found  in  as 
many  different  books  as  possible: 

122 


a.  Ruler  of  France  in  1465: 

lraand    1  :c,2     2:b     3:c    4:d    6:a,6     7:a,b. 

b.  Event  in  England  in  1649: 

l:aandl:c,l     2:b     3:b     4:a     5:a,l     6:a,6  Great  Britain 
7:a. 

7.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  title.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 


123 


GROUP    7: 

A.  SPECIAL    INDEXES. 

B.  BOOK   SELECTION. 

Ai   special  indexes. 

We  are  constantly  using  special  indexes  of  some  kind  in  our 
daily  life,  such  as  telephone  directories,  city  directories,  card  cata- 
logues. The  fact  that  special  indexes  are  also  prepared  for  other 
needs  of  widely  different  natures  should  be  kept  in  mind  when  in 
search  for  reference  material. 

Almost  every  important  subject  has  its  special  index,  as  well 
as  its  special  encyclopaedia  or  dictionary.  An  English  dictionary, 
for  instance,  is  nothing  more  than  an  index  to  the  words  in  the 
English  language;  and,  indeed,  the  dictionary  was  one  of  the  first 
indexes  attempted;  a  biographical  dictionary  is  an  index  to  promi- 
nent persons  of  the  world;  a  chemical  dictionary,  to  chemical 
terms;  a  railroad  time  table  to  the  places  through  which  the  road 
passes  and  to  the  times  of  the  trains. 

Indexes  for  large  business  interests  and  for  individual  firms 
are  very  extensive,  and  form  a  special  feature  of  their  own.  Among 
such  indexes  are  those  for  lawyers,  bankers,  insurance  agencies, 
and  an  innumerable  number  of  other  interests. 

An  index  to  a  large  work  on  some  subject  such  as  important 
histories  of  special  periods,  or  biographies  of  prominent  persons, 
often  reveals  minor  points  which  it  might  be  impossible  to  find 
in  any  other  way.  The  full  importance  of  indexes  to  large  works 
of  this  nature,  which  are  often  in  several  volumes,  is  not  gener- 
ally realized. 

The  making  of  a  good  index  for  a  book  or  a  set  of  books  or 
for  a  subject  is  a  difficult  and  expensive  and  an  important  piece  of 
work.  A  poor  or  an  incomplete  index  may  mar  the  usefulness  of 
the  entire  work.  A  valuable  exercise,  to  emphasize  the  difficulty 
in  making  a  good  index,  might  be  worked  out  by  indexing  inde- 
pendently a  few  pages  of  a  text-book  in  regular  use,  indexed  at 
the  back,  and  by  testing  the  work  through  the  index  itself.  History 
offers  a  good  opportunity  for  such  an  index.  The  making  of  an 
index  to  an  original  composition  in  English  might  also  be  a  valu- 
able  exercise. 


125 


Specimen  entry  from 
INDEX    TO    SHORT    STORIES 


23 


Family  honor 

In  Two  of  them 
Fox-terrier  "Frisky" 

In  Auld  licht  manse 
Two  of  them 
Gilray's  flower-pot 

In  Patten,  W.     International  short  sto- 
ries v  2 
How  Gavin  Birse  put  it  to  Mag  Lowrie 

In  Tillyloss  scandal 
Window  in  Thrums 
Cody,  S.    Selection  from  the  world's 
greatest  short  stories 
Inconsiderate  waiter 

In  Two  of  them 

Stories  by  English  authors,  London 
Invalid  in  lodgings 

In  Auld  licht  manse 
Tillyloss  scandal 
Is  it  a  man 

In  Two  of  them 
It 

In  Tillyloss  scandal 
Janet  and  the  minister 

In  Auld  licht  manse 
Janet's  curiosity 

In  Auld  licht  manse 
Jess 

In  Jess 
Lads  and  lassies 

In  Auld  licht  idyls 
Lady's  shoe 

In  Two  of  them 
Life  in  a  country  manse 

In  Tillyloss  scandal 
Literary  club 

In  Auld  licht  idyls 
Little  Rathie's  "bural" 

In  Auld  licht  idyls 
Lizzie's  wedding 

In  Auld  licht  manse 
Mending  the  clock 

In  Auld  licht  manse 
Tillyloss   scandal 
Minister's  gown 

In  Tillyloss  scandal 
My  brother  Henry 

In  Patten,   W.    International   short  sto- 
ries V  2 
My  husband's  book 

In  Auld  licht  manse 
Two  of  them 
My  lady  Nicotine 

In  Better  dead 
Ndintpile  Pont? 

In  Auld  licht  manse 
Old  dominie 

In  Auld  licht  idyls 


Teacher  M'Queen 

In  Auld  licht  idlys 
Thrums 

In  Auld  licht  idyls 
Tillyloss  scandal 
In  Tillyloss  scandal 

Good  Words  31 :  29,  100 
T'nowhead's  Bell.  See  Barrie,  J.  M.  Court- 
ing of  T'nowhead's  Bell 
Two  of  them 

In  Two  of  them 
Very  old  family 

In  Auld  licht  idyls 
Was  it  a  watch? 

In  Two  of  them 
Window  in  Thrums 
In  Window  in   Thrums 
Barring  out,  or  Party  spirit.  Edgeworth,  M. 
Barring  the  way.    Bland,  E.  N. 
Bart  Harrington,  genius.  Jordan,  E.  G. 
Bartek  the  victor.  Sienkiewicz,  H. 
Bartered  birthright.    Magruder,  J. 
Barum  West's  extravaganza.    Bates,  A. 
Bascom  place.  See  Harris,  J.  C.  Old  Bascom 

place 
Base   ingratitude   of  Barkis,   M.   D.    Bangs, 

J.  K. 
Basement.    Mitchell,  D.  G. 
Basement  story.    Eggleston,  E. 
Basket  maker.  Austin,  M.  II. 
Basket  of  Anita.     Stetson,  G  E.  C. 
Basket  woman.    First  story.    Austin,  M.  H. 
Basket  woman.    Second  story.  Austin,  M.  H. 
Basket  woman.    Edgeworth,  M. 
Batard.    London,  J. 
Bates,  Arlo,  1850- 
Afternoon  tea 

/;;  In  the  bundle  of  time 
Amateur  photographer 

In  In  the  bundle  of  time 
Amateur  rehearsal 

In  In  the  bundle  of  time 
April's  lady 

In  Book  o'  nine  tales 
Cent  31:  872 
Barum  West's  extravaganza 
In  Book  o'  nine  tales 
Scrib  M  4:631 
Business  meeting 

In  Book  o'  nine  tales 
Chamber  over  the  gate 

In  In  the  bundle  of  time 
Comedy  in  crape 

In  Intoxicated  ghost 
Crime  against  beauty 

In  Atlan  92:661 
Cuban  morning 


The  Index  to  short  stories  is  arranged  by  authors  and  titles  in 
one  alphabetical  order.  Authors  are  printed  in  heavy  type,  titles 
in  lighter  type.  Under  the  author's  name  appear  an  alphabetical 
list  of  his  stories  included,  sub-arranged  in  alphabetical  order  by 
title.  After  the  title,  under  author's  name,  direction  is  given  for 
finding  the  story  in  collections. 

The  specimen  entry  taken  begins  with  the  B's,  at  the  end  of 
the  sub-title  entries  under  Barrie,  James,  though  "Barrie"  does  not 
appear  on  the  page. 

Consult  the  first  column  of  the  entry  and  tell  in  which  of  Bar- 
rie's  novels  the  story  of  "Lizzie's  wedding"  comes.  In  which  one 
does  "How  Gavin  Birse  put  it  to  Mag  Lowrie"  come?  In  what 
selection  of  short  stories  could  the  last  be  found? 

Who  is  author  of  Barum  West's  extravaganza"?  Consult  the 
author,  whose  name  appears  on  the  same  page,  and  give  the  vol- 
ume, page  and  name  for  the  magazine  in  which  the  story  can  be 
found.  When  was  Arlo  Bates  born?  Give  the  volume,  page  and 
name  of  the  magazine  in  which  his  story  entitled  "Crime  against 
beauty"  comes. 

Who  is  author  of  the  story  "Barring  out,  or  party  spirit"? 
What  name  would  it  therefore  be  necessary  to  consult  to  find 
where  the  story  could  be  found?  Who  is  author  of  "Base  ingrati- 
tude"? 

SPECIAL  INDEXES  THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort 

to  keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one,  as 

a  fortification  for  future  needs.     Add  good  books  that  are  available 

and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.    A.  L.  A.  Portrait  index.     Chicago.    A.  L.  A.  Publishing  Board. 

$5.00. 

a.  An  index  to  portraits  contained  in  over  6,000  volumes  of 
books  and  periodicals  published  prior  to  1905,  listing  about 
120,000  portraits.  (Portraits  appearing  in  many  of  the 
current  magazines  are  indexed  in  the  Readers'  Guide.) 
b:  List  of  works  indexed  given  at  the  front;  includes  foreign 
and  inexpensive  as  well  as  expensive  works,  as  its  aim 
is  to  serve  both  a  large  and  a  small  library. 


127 


c.  Gives  date  of  life  of  person  indexed,  and  exact  reference 
to  volume  and  page  containing  the  portrait.  Key  of 
abbreviations  at  the  front. 

2.  Baker,  Ernest  A.    A  guide  to  the  best  fiction.    N.  Y.    Macmil- 
lan.    $6.00. 

a.  A  guide  to  the  best  novels  of  different  countries. 

b.  Classified  by  periods  and  countries. 

c.  Indexed  by  author,  title  and  subject. 

d.  Good  descriptive  notes. 

3.  Baker,  Ernest  A.     Guide  to  historical  fiction.     N.  Y.     Macmil- 
lan.     $6.00. 

a.  A    guide    to    the    best    historical    novels    of    the    different 

countries. 

b.  Classified  by  periods  and  countries. 

c.  Indexed  by  author,  title  and  subject. 

d.  Good  descriptive  notes. 

4.  Granger.    Index  to  poetry  and  recitations.     Chicago.    McClurg. 
$5.00. 

a.  Indexes  nearly  400  volumes  of  miscellaneous  collections  of 
poems,  recitations  and  readings. 

b.  Entered  under:  (1)  author;  (2)  title;  (3)  first  line. 

From  the  specimen  entry  given  below,  it  is  evident  that  a 
copy  of  Wood-worth's  poem,  Old  Oaken  Bucket,  can  be  found  in 
a  number  of  books  of  selected  poems  which  are  referred  to  by  the 
initials  of  the  titles.  The  first  one,  BLP,  means  Beacon  Lights  of 
Patriotism;  the  second.  BNL,  Bryant's  New  Library  of  Poetry 
and  Song;  the  third.  CS  25,  Choice  Selections,  number  25;  etc. 

The  titles  can  be  found  by  consulting  the  key  at  the  front  of 
the  index,  under  the  initials  given.  References  are  entered  only 
under  the  title  of  the  poem,  part  2  of  the  index. 

Specimen  Entry  From  the  Title  Index  to  Granger. 
Index  to  Poetry  and  Recitations. 

Old  Oaken  Bucket,  The.  S.  Woodworth.— BLP- 
BNL,  CS  25,  FEP,  GP,  LLC,  OS,  1-PPSr, 
PYO,  SM,  TAV,  WCLG  1. 

(Bucket,  The)  AA,  ASL,  HBP. 

5.  Firkins,    I.    T.    ed.     Index    to    Short    Stories.      N.    Y.      White 
Plains.    Wilson.    $6.00. 

a.  Index  to  the  best  short  story  literature  appearing  in  scat- 
tered collections;  corresponding  to  Grainger's  Index  to 
poetry  and  recitations. 

b.  Indexed  under:   (1)  author;   (2)  title. 

c.  References    given    only   under    author    index. 

128 


Many  special  indexes  are  entered  under  other  heads  in  this 
series  of  lessons,  such  as:  magazine  indexes,  debate  indexes, 
card  catalogue  indexes,  government  document  indexes,  date 
indexes,  publishers'  catalogue  indexes,  selected  book  indexes, 
etc.  If  the  "Unites  States  catalogue  of  books  in  print,"  and  its 
supplements  are  available  consult  them  under  the  word  "index." 
Catalogues  are  described  in  Group  7:B. 

a.  Eastman:  Index  to  fairy  tales,  myths  and  legends.  Boston 
Book  Co.    $2.50. 

Official  guide  of  the  railways  and  steamship  navigation  lines  in 
the  United  States,  Canada,  Mexico,  Cuba.  National  Railway 
Publishing  Co.     N.  Y.,  75  Church  St.    $1.00. 

a.  Indexed  at  the  back  alphabetically  by  towns,  indicating 
under  separate  lists: 

1 :     Water  ways. 
2:     Railroads. 

b.  Indexed  at  the  front  under  name  of  railroad  or  steamship 
line,  usually  guiding  to  maps  and  names  of  stations. 

Ayer.  American  newspaper  annual  and  directory.  Phil.  Ayer 
&  Son.     $5.00. 

a.  List  of  American  newspapers  and  periodicals  giving: 

1.  Character  of  publication. 

2.  Price. 

3.  Editor. 

4.  Frequency   of   issue. 

5.  Number  circulated. 

6.  Other  items. 

b.  Arranged  alphabetically  under  states,  then  under  towns; 
towns  sub-arranged  under  class  and  trade  publications,  or 
by  title. 

c.  Class  and  trade  publications  listed  alphabetically  at  the 
back;  preceded  by  index  to  classification. 

d.  Severance,    Guide   to  periodicals   also   gives   information. 
Poor's  Manuals.     N.  Y.     Poor  Railroad  Manual  Co. 

a.  Three  large  manuals  giving  the  history,  capital  stock,  equip- 
ment, directors,  and  many  other  items  regarding  import- 
ant companies  in  the  United  States.  Published  yearly 
under: 

1.  Public  utilites:  large  volume,  indexed  at  front  by  name 
of  firm.     $7.50. 

2.  Industrials:  large  volume,  indexed  at  front  by  name  of 
firm.     $7.50. 

129 


3.  Railroads:  large  volume,  indexed  at  front  by  name  of 
road.     $10.00. 

10.  Manual  of  statistics:  Stock  exchange  hand  book.  Similar  in 
arrangement  to  Poor's  Manuals,  but  briefer  and  condensed  into 
one  volume.     Manual  of  Statistics  Co.     $5.00. 

11.  Hendricks:  Commercial  register  of  the  United  States.  N.  Y. 
Hendricks   Co.     $5.00. 

a.  Indexed  at  the  front  under  name  of  article  manufactured. 

b.  Guides  to  location  and  name  of  firm. 

c.  Also  gives  index  to  firm  by  firm  name,  in  late  editions. 

12.  Moody:     Analyses  of  investments. 

Part  I :     Railroads. 

Part  II:     Utilities  and  industrials. 

N.    Y.     Moody    Investment    Service.      $25.00    for    both 

parts. 

a.  Arranged  by  name  of  firm. 

b.  Gives  rating  of  firms  and  safety  of  investments. 

c.  Gives  history  of  firms,  manager,  capital  stock  and  other 
items. 

13.  Thomas.  Register  of  American  manufactures.  N.  Y.  Thomas 
Co.     $15.00. 

a.  Indexed  at  front  under  name  of  article  manufactured. 

b.  Guides  to  location  and  name  of  firm.     No  other  information. 

14.  a.     Registers    giving    the    financial    and    commercial    rating   of 

firms,  such  as  the  extensive  ones  of  Dun  and  of  Bradstreet, 
are  for  special  and  not  general  needs,  and  are  open  only 
to  subscribers. 

b.  So  also  are  the  multitude  of  special  business  and  profes- 
sional directories. 

c.  City  and  telephone  directories  usually  have  at  the  back  a 
division  listing  in  alphabetical  order  under  the  name  of  the 
business,  all  firms  engaged  in  such  business  in  the  city. 

15.  Genealogies: 

A  search  for  references  on  genealogies  is  always  for  informa- 
tion   on    individual    families.     Sometimes    valuable    information 
can  be  found  in  the  history  of  localities,  if  the  family  has  been 
prominent  in  such  locality. 
a.     For  American   families: 

1.  Munsell.  Index  to  American  genealogies.  N.  Y. 
Albany.  Munsell  &  Son.  Guides  to  genealogies  of 
any  American  family  or  any  part  of  it  which  have  been 
printed  either  separately  or  embodied  in  other  works. 
Arranged  alphabetically  under  surname. 

130 


b.     For  English  and  Scottish  families  see: 

1.  Burke's  Peerage. 

2.  Burke's  Landed  Gentry. 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  SPECIAL  INDEXES. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  convenient, 
use  them  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving  the  date 
or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed  to  serve  as  a  guide  if  material  is 
not  familiar. 

1.  The  name  of  a  paper  devoted  to  the  interest  of  "milk," 
for  example,  could  be  found  in  what  guide  and  under  what  index? 
8:c.  Name  three  other  points  which  could  be  found  regarding 
the  paper.    8:  a,  1-6. 

If  the  directory  is  available,  find  the  price  and  editor  of  any 
well  established  publication;  e.  g.,  Republican,  Springfield,  Mass. 
8:b. 

2.  Name  as  many  special  indexes  as  are  known,  such  as  city 
directories,  magazine  indexes,  etc.     6. 

3.  A  guide  to  genealogies  of  American  families  is  given  in 
what  book  and  under  what  index  arrangement?  15:a,l.  If  the 
family  is  English  or  Scotch,  which  guide  should  be  used?    15:  b,  1-2. 

4.  A  guide  to  a  novel  which  is  not  historical,  but  which  is  on 
some  large  topic,  e.  g.,  music,  could  be  found  in  what  book  and 
under  what  index  arrangement?     2:c. 

5.  If  a  short  story,  e.  g.,  the  one  entitled  "Ambitious  guest," 
is  included  in  any  of  a  large  number  of  collections  of  short  stories, 
or  in  magazines,  it  could  be  located  by  using  what  guide  and  under 
what  index  arrangement.     5:  b. 

6.  a.     If  a  selection  for  reading  or  speaking,  e.  g.,  the  one  be- 

ginning, "Breathes  there  a  man  with  soul  so  dead,"  is 
given  in  any  one  of  nearly  400  books  of  selections  it 
could  be  located  by  using  what  book  and  under  what 
index  arrangement?  4:a,b3. 
b.  Which  part  of  this  index  arrangement  would  de- 
termine where  selections  from  James  Whitcomb  Riley 
could  be  found?  b.  1.  Which  part  should  be  used  for 
the  poem  entitled,  "Landing  of  the  Pilgrims"?     b:2. 

7.  A  guide  to  the  best  historical  nevels  which  have  been  written 
on  any  period  of  history,  e.  g.,  the  time  of  the  Crusades,  could  be 
found  in  what  book  and  under  what  index  arrangement?     3:b,c. 

131 


8.  A  portrait  of  some  prominent  person,  e.  g.,  Henry  Clay  or 
John  Ruskin,  which  appeared  in  some  magazine  or  book  published 
before  1904  could  be  located  by  using  what  index?  l:a.  Many 
recently  published  portraits  are  indexed  where? 

9.  a.     In  what  manual  could  the  number  of  Bell  telephone  sta- 

itons  for  Pennsylvania  be  found,  and  under  what  index 
arrangement?  No.  9:a,  1.  Would  investment  in  it  be 
safe?     12:   Pt.   11;   a  and  b. 

b.  The  capitol  stock  of  the  Shredded  Wheat  Company 
could  be  found  where?    9:a,2 — 12.  Pt.  II,  a  and  b. 

c.  The   number   of  passenger   cars   owned   by   the   Maine 

Central  Railroad  last  year  could  be  found  where?  9:a,3. 

10.  The  number  of  Ford  cars  which  were  produced  the  first 
year  of  output,  and  the  number  for  the  last  year  could  be  found 
where?     12:  part  2;  a,  c. 

11.  Whether  investment  in  bonds  of  the  Spokane  Traction 
Co.  is  safe  could  be  determined  how?     12:  part  2;  a.  b. 

12.  The  address  of  the  Standard  Typewriter  Co.,  manufac- 
turers of  the  Corona  light  weight,  portable  and  folding  typewriter, 
could  be  found  how?     11:  a,  b.,  13:  a,  b. 

14.  a.     What    index    would    guide    to    steamship    lines    which 

touch  at  different  points,  eg  g.,  Toronto,  Ont.?     7:a.l. 

b.  Railroad  lines  which  pass  through  Mobile,  Alabama? 
7:  a,  b. 

c.  Main  route  of  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad?     7:b. 

15.  If  one  wishes  to  go  into  the  business  of  manufacturing 
brooms,  or  paper,  or  boxes,  or  any  other  manufactured  article,  how 
can  he  determine  the  number  and  the  location  of  firms  already  in 
the  business  in  the  United  States?     11  :a — 13:a. 

a.  After  the  names  of  the  various  firms  are  found,  if  he 
desires  to  learn  the  history  and  the  officers  and  other 
important  items  of  prominent  ones  what  guides  should 
he  use?     9:a,2 — 10 — 12:  part  2,  a,c. 

16.  How  could  the  financial  rating  of  any  individual  firm  be 
ascertained?     14:a. 

17.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  as  many  special  indexes  as  are  available,  and 
form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 

132 


GROUP   7: 

A.  SPECIAL   INDEXES. 

B.  BOOK  SELECTION. 

B:     BOOK  SELECTION  AND  PUBLISHERS. 

No  person  can  possibly  read  more  than  a  small  fraction  of 
even  the  best  books  and  magazines  that  are  constantly  being 
published.  We  are  absolutely  obliged  to  make  selections,  both 
for  ourselves  and  for  others.  Our  need  for  selection  ranges  from 
the  best  picture  books  for  children  to  the  best  books  to  meet  the 
various  phases  of  older  life  in  stories,  or  travel,  or  history,  or 
science,  or  other  interests.  Not  many  of  us  are  so  fortunately 
situated  as  to  be  able  to  see  and  handle  large  numbers  of  good 
books  outside  of  a  public  library.  We  must  therefore  depend 
upon  the  libraries  for  much  of  our  guidance  in  these  matters. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  educational  associations  of  recent 
years  is  the  American  Library  Association,  though  few  people,  not 
connected  with  library  work,  realize  the  full  extent  of  its  influence. 
This  association  is  largely  responsible  for  the  exceptional  service 
we  have  through  our  excellent  public  library  system  in  this  coun- 
try. The  association  publishes  a  most  carefully  prepared  list  of 
selected  books  to  assist  librarians  in  making  a  wise  choice  of  good 
books  for  their  shelves,  and,  to  an  unusual  extent,  lives  up  to  its 
motto,  "Best  reading,  for  the  greatest  number,  at  the  least  cost." 

Good  publishers  are  promoters  of  education  even  as  are  good 
teachers  or  good  schools.  The  effort  on  the  part  of  some  pub- 
lishers to  produce  standard  books  at  a  price  within  the  range  of 
almost  everyone,  is  a  veritable  social  service.  The  following  firms 
might  be  mentioned  as  among  those  who  have  made  a  notable  be- 
ginning in  this  line:     (Catalogue  will  be  furnished  on  request). 

Dutton,  N.  Y. — Everyman's  Library.     35  cents  each. 

Holt,  N.  Y. — Home  University  Library,  30  cents  each. 

Burt,  N.  Y. — Home  Library,  75  cents  each. 

Houghton,  Boston — Riverside  Literature  Series,  15  cents  each. 

Macmillan,  N.  Y. — Standard  Library,  50  cents  each. 

Winston,  Phil. — Illustrated  Handy  Classics,  60  cents  each. 


133 


The  most  important  trade  catalogue  of  books  is  the  exhaustive 
one  published  by  the  H.  W.  Wilson  company  of  White  Plains,  N. 
Y.,  under  the  title  of  "United  States  Catalogue  of  Books  in  Print 
in  January,  1912."  A  picture  of  this  catalogue,  with  its  supple- 
ment, the  Cumulative  Book  Index,  and  a  sample  page  therefrom 
are  herewith  inserted  by  the  courtesy  of  the  publishers,  to  insure 
a  better  understanding  of  the  arrangement  of  this  valuable  index. 
The  main  foundation  of  this  catalogue,  published  in  January,  1912, 
listed  all  books  in  print  through  the  year  1911,  under  author,  title, 
and  subject.  The  catalogue  is  kept  up  to  date  through  bi-monthly 
and  yearly  supplements.  These  several  catalogues  make  it  possible 
to  find  the  publishers  and  price  of  any  book  available  in  the 
United  States  under  author,  title,  or  subject.  The  catalogue  does 
not  recommend  books,  but  lists  books  which  have  been  published. 


134 


SPECIMEN  ENTRY  FROM 
CUMULATIVE  BOOK  INDEX 


329 


School  laws 

Carroll,  C:,  comp.  School  law  of  Rhode  Island. 
'14  E.  L.  Freeman  co„  state  ptrs..  Provi- 
dence, R.  I, 

Connecticut.  Bills  relating  to  schools,  presented 
to  General  assembly,  January  session,  1915. 
15   Connecticut.    Bd.   of  education,   Hartford 

Kentucky.  Common  school  laws.  '14  State  jour- 
nal  co.,    Frankfort,    Ky. 

Louisiana.  Public  school  laws  of  Louisiana. 
9th  compilation  '14  Louisiana.  Dept.  of  edu- 
cation, Baton  Rouge 

Massachusetts.  Educational  legislation  of 
1914.   '14   Mass.    Bd.   of  educ. 

Massachusetts.  Revised  laws  relating  to  pub- 
lic instruction  enacted  by  the  Legislature 
of  Nov.  21,  1901,  to  take  effect  Jan.  1,  1902. 
'15  Mass.    Bd.    of  educ. 

JNTebraska.  Comm.  to  revise  the  school  laws. 
Report,  pa  '14  Nebraska.  Comm.  to  revise 
the  school  laws,  Edith  A.  Lathrop,  sec, 
Lincoln,  Neb. 

Kew  Mexico.  Compilation  of  the  public  school 
laws    of    New    Mexico,    1914.    '14    Alvan    N. 
White,  supt.  of  public  instruction,  Sante  Fe, 
N.  M. 
School  libraries 

Chicago.  Board  of  education.  Finding  list  of 
books  authorized  for  high  school  libraries. 
•14 

Fay,  L.  E.,  and  Eaton,  A.  T.  Instruction  in 
the  use  of  books  and  libraries.  *$2.25  '15 
Boston  bk. 

Iowa.  Public  instruction,  Dept.  of,  Des  Moines. 
Reference  books  for  the  approved  high 
schools   of    Iowa.    '14 

Michigan.  Public  instruction,  Dept.  of.  Pre- 
ferred list  of  books  for  district  school  libra- 
ries in  the  state  of  Michigan.  '14  Dept.  of 
public  instruction,   Lansing 

Michigan.  State  lib.,  Lansing.  Preferred  list 
of  books  for  township  and  high  school  libra- 
ries in  the  state  of  Michigan,  pa  '15 

Minnesota.  Education,  Dept.  of,  St.  Paul. 
School   library  management.   '14 

Newberry,  M.  A.  Rural  school  library,  pa  '14 
N.  Y.  Public  lib. 

South    Carolina.    Education,    Dept.    of.    South 

Carolina  list  of  books  for  libraries.  '14  South 

Carolina.  Dept.  of  educ,  Columbia 
Ward,    G.    O.    High-school    library,    pa   10c   '15 

A.   L.    A. 
White,   E.  V.   Libraries  for  public  schools,  pa 

'14  Univ.  of  Texas 
School    management 

McEvoy,  T:  J.  Examination  questions  in  meth- 
ods of  teaching  and  school  management,  for 

licenses   to   teach   in  New   York  city.    3d  ed 

*$1    '15    McEvoy 
Perry.    A.   C-    Discipline  as  a  school  problem. 

*$1.25   '15   Houghton 
School   music 
Dann,    H.   E.   Third  year  music.   *36c   '15  Am. 

bk. 
McLaughlin,     J.     M.,     ed.     Intermediate     song 

reader.  32c  '14  Ginn 
Myers,    S.    S.    School    music    reader.    *48c    '15 

Am.   bk. 
Parker,   H:  W:  and  others.   Teacher's  manual 

for    first,    second,    and    third    grades.    $1    '15 

Silver 
School    plays 

Painton,   E.    F.    A.    TJ.    Graduate  s  choice.    15c 

'15    Beckley-Cardy    co. 
School   records 
Comings.  W.  R.  Semiannual  record  for  graded 


Bureau  of  municipal  research,  N.  T.  Help- 
your-school   surveys.   '13 

Foster,  J.  M.  Study;  the  Dansville  high  school, 
pa    '15    Owen,    F.    A. 

Reed,  A.  Y.  Seattle  children  in  school  and  in 
industry.  '15  Board  of  school  directors,  Seat- 
tle.   Wash. 

Wisconsin.  State  board  of  public  affairs,  Madi- 
son.   Conditions    and    needs    of    Wisconsin's 
normal  schools.   '15 
School    system    as     an     educational    laboratory. 
Learned,  W:  S.   pa  *25c  Harvard  univ.  press 
School    tactics    and    maze    running.     Crampton, 
C:   W.,  and  others,   pa  25c   Am.   sports   pub. 
School    training   of   defective   children.    Goddard, 

H:  H.   90c  World  bk.  co.  (corr  price) 
Schoolhouses 

Assn.  of  Am.  Portland  cement  manufacturers. 
Concrete  school  houses.  '15  Am.  Portland 
cement  manufacturers 

Lee,  R.  E:  Rural  school  buildings.  '14  South 
Carolina.  Dept.  of  educ,  Columbia 

Mills,  W.  T.  American  school  building  stan- 
dards. 2d  ed  flex  lea  $5  '15  Franklin  educa- 
tional  pub.    co.,    Columbus,    O. 

Schools 

Dewey,  J:  and  E.  Schools  of  to-morrow.  *$1.50 

'15  Dutton 
Hinchman,    W.    S.    American    school.    *60c    '15 

Doubleday 

Exercises   and   recreations 

Virginia.  State  normal  school  for  women, 
Farmville.  Training  school.  Course  of  study 
for  the  kindergarten  and  elementary  grades 
of  the  training  school.   '14 

Medical    inspection 

New    Jersey.    Council    of    education,    Trenton. 

Report  of  the  Standing  committee  on  hygiene. 

'14 
Schools  as  social   centers 

Childs,     C.     S.     Year's     experiment    in     social 

center    organization,     pa     '15    N.     Y.     social 

center    committee,    311    Madison    av.,    N.    Y. 
Curtis,  H:    S.  Education  through  play,   p.   295- 

325.    *$1.50;    educational    ed    *$1.25    '15    Mac- 

millan 

Schools  of  mediaeval  England.  Leach,  A.  F.  *$2 

Macmillan 
Schools   of  to-morrow.  Dewey,  J:  and  E.   *$1.50 

Dutton 
Schoonmaker,  Edwin  Davies 
Wrorld  storm  and  beyond.  O  294p  *%2  (My)  '15 
Century  15-11985 

Schorger,   Arlie   W.,   and    Betts,    H.  S. 
Naval  stores  industry.    (Bui.   no.   229)   O  58p  ll 
pa  '15  U.    S.  Agric;  15c  Supt.  of  doc 
Schottelius,    Max,    1849- 
Bacteria;    tr.    by    Herbert    Geoghegan.    2d    ed 
D  xii,324p  il  *$3.50  '12  Oxford  Agrl4-1193 

Schottmuller,    Frida,   1872- 

Work  of  Fra  Angelico  da  Fiesole  reproduced 
in  327  illustrations,  with  a  biographical  in- 
troduction. (Classics  in  art  ser.,  13)  Q  xx, 
225p  *$3.50  '13  Brentano's  15-6246 

Schouppe,    Rev.    Francis   Xavier 

Adjumenta  oratoris  sacri;  tr.  by  P.  A.  Beech- 
er.   (Pulpit  themes)  O  xii,586p  *$2.75  (*7s  6d) 
'15   Herder 
Schrabisch,    Max 

Indian  habitations  in  Sussex  county,  New 
Jersey,  bv  Max  Schrabisch;  Indian  remains 
near  Plainfield,  Union  co.,  and  along  the 
lower  Delaware  valley,  by  Leslie  Spier.  (Bui. 
13)   O  107p  il  '15  N.  J.  Geol.  S.,  Trenton 


Consult  the  sample  page  from  the  "Cumulative  Book  Index," 
under  Schottmiiller,  Frida,  and  notice  that  the  date  of  the  author's 
birth  is  given.  What  is  the  title  of  her  book?  To  what  series 
does  it  belong?  What  is  the  price  of  the  work?  Who  published  it, 
and  in  what  year?  The  book  has  how  many  pages?  (Q  means 
that  the  book  is  a  "Q"  size  in  the  library  code,  that  is,  large.) 
"XX"  indicates  the  pages  before  the  regular  paging  begins.  15-6246 
is  the  Library  of  Congress  card  number,  given  only  under  author 
entries.  (Explained  under  Group  4.)  What  artist  is  the  book 
about?  It  is  therefore  entered  again  under  Angelico  as  subject,  with 
cross-references  under  both  Fra  and  Fiesole  to  Angelico. 

Notice  under  "School  libraries"  that  a  number  of  lists  of 
recommended  books  have  been  prepared  by  public  boards  of  city, 
state,  and  university.  (Read  the  entries.)  There  are  no  prices 
affixed  to  these  lists,  for  they  are  prepared  by  the  particualr  boards 
for  their  own  use  and  not  for  general  sale.  Frequently  they  can 
be  secured,  if  a  need  is  pressing,  or  exchanged  for  other  publica- 
tions of  other  boards.  Give  the  author,  publisher  and  price  of  one 
book  of  "School  stories;"  of  one  on  "Schools  as  social  centers." 
Who  is  the  author  of  a  book  entitled,  "Schools  of  mediaeval  Eng- 
land?" Of  "Schools  of  tomorrow?"  Is  the  Library  .of  Congress 
card  number  given  under  titles? 

What  is  the  full  name  of  this  index?  It  is  a  supplement  to 
what  catalogue?  It  is  published  how  often?  How  could  all  of 
the  books  published  in  the  United  States  on  "School  music,"  for 
example,  be  found?  How  many  different  volumes  would  have  to 
be  handled?  Are  there  any  books  on  this  subject  on  the  sample 
page? 


GUIDES  TO  BOOK  SELECTION 
THAT   SHOULD   BE   KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort 
to  keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one,  as  a 
fortification  for  future  needs.     Add  good  books,  that  are  available, 
and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 
1.    American    Library   Asosciation.      A.    L.   A.    Publishing    Board. 
Chicago.     Catalogues  of  this  association  are  indispensable. 
a.     A.  L.  A.  Catalogue,  1904,  list  of  8,000  titles  for  a  popular 
library.     $1.00. 

1.  Indexed  at  the  back  by  author,  subject,  and  title.     The 

index  does  not  refer  to  pages,  but  to  the  Dewey  classi- 
fication number  in  the  lower  right  hand  corner. 

2.  List  of  publishers,  with  addresses,  at  the  front. 

136 


b.  A.  L.  A.  Catalogue,  1904-1911;  List  of  3,000  titles  for  a 
popular  library.     $1.25. 

1.  Supplement  to  the  above;   index  similarly  arranged. 

2.  Children's  books,  pages  245-272;  not  graded. 

c.  A.  L.  A.  Book  list.    $1.00  per  year. 

1.     Published  monthly,  except  in  July  and  August.     Keeps 
the  catalogue  up  to  date. 

2.  Arnold,   Gertrude  W.     A  mother's  list  of  books  for  children. 
Chicago.     McClurg.    $1.00. 

a.  Annotated  list  of  books  suggestive  for  home,  rather  than 

for  school  use. 

b.  Graded   for  children   from  two  to   fourteen  years  of  age. 

3.  Baldwin.     Book  lover.     Chicago.     McClurg.     $1.00. 
a.     A  good  book  about  books. 

4.  Children's  catalogue:     A  guide  to  the   best  books  for  young 
people.     N.  Y.     White  Plains.     Wilson.     $6.00. 

a.  An  author,  title  and  subject  catalogue  of  over  3,000  chil- 

dren's books. 

b.  One  alphabet;  annotated;  grades  indicated. 

c.  Based  on  selected  library  lists  as  indicated  at  the  front, 
including  standard  lists  which  are  also  published  separately, 
such  as: 

1.  A.  L.  A.  lists  referring  especially  to  children's  reading. 

2.  Baker,  F.  T.     Bibliography  of  children's  reading. 

3.  Hewin's,  Charlotte.     Books  for  boys  and  girls. 

4.  Pittsburgh   Carnegie   Library,    Children's   lists. 

5.  Wisconsin  lists,  referring  to  children's  reading. 

6.  And  other  valuable  lists. 

d.  The  first  edition  includes  in  part  two,  an  index  to  St. 
Nicholas,  for  volumes  28-36.  The  second  edition  excludes 
this  feature,  leaving  it  for  a  separate  index,  as  volumes  1-27 
of  this  magazine  are  indexed  separately. 

e.  The  United  States  Bureau  of  Education  has  issued  a  list  of 

1,000  books    for   children,    which    can    be    secured    free   by 
teachers.     Books  are  graded  and  classified. 

5.  Kroeger,   Alice   B.     Guide  to   the   study  and  use   of  reference 
books.     Chicago.     A.  L.  A.  Publishing  Board.     $1.25. 

a.     Supplements  keep  it  up  to  date. 

6.  Kroeger,  Alice  B.  and  others.    Aids  in  book  selection.    Chicago. 
A.  L.  A.  Publishing  Board.     15c. 

7.  Lists  of  books  suited  to  a  High  School  Library.    United  States 
Bureau  of  Education.    Bulletin,  1913,  No.  35.     15c. 

a.  Prepared  by  the  University  High  School,  University  of 
Chicago. 

137 


b.  Purpose  of  each  book  in  the  list  carefully  designated;  that 
is,  whether  intended  for  reading,  for  reference,  or  as  a 
text  book. 

c.  Arranged  by  subject,  well  indexed  at  the  back;  preferences 

indicated  by  stars. 

8.  Richardson,  Charles.    Choice  and  use  of  books.    Putnam.  $1.25. 
a.     A  book  about  books  with  many  practical  suggestions  re- 
garding the  choice  and  the  use  of  books  in  general. 

9.  Potter,  M.  E..  ed.  United  States  catalogue  of  books  in  print 
in  January,  1912.     N.  Y.     White  Plains.    Wilson  Co.    $36.00. 

a.  Gives  publisher  and  price  of  every  book  which  was  in 
print  in  the  United  States  in  January,  1912.  Continued  by 
bi-monthly  and  yearly  supplements,  under  the  title  of 
"Cumulative  Book  Index." 

b.  Arranged  under  author,  title,  subject,  and  series,  in  one 
alphabet. 

c.  At  the  back  is  given  an  alphabetical  list  of  publishers,  with 

full  addresses. 

10.  Book  review  digest.     N.  Y.     White  Plains.     Wilson  Co. 

a.  Devoted  to  the  evaluation  of  current  literature.  Gives 
extracts  culled  from  literary  and  scientific  journals  and 
indicates  whether  favorable  or  unfavorable  by  a  plus  or  a 
minus  sign. 

b.  The  list  of  periodicals  from  which  digests  are  made  serves 
as  a  guide  to  the  magazines  which  are  considered  the 
most  reliable  for  book  reviews. 

c.  Published  monthly,  since  1905;  cumulated  twice  a  year. 

11.  Bibliography  in  scattered  books.  In  addition  to  the  above  lists 
the  student  should  bear  in  mind  that  guides  to  good  books 
can  be  found: 

a.  At  the  end  of  articles  in  good  general  encyclopaedias,  and 

in  encyclopaedias  and  dictionaries  of  special  subjects. 

b.  In  most  good  text-books  of  the  subject  desired. 

c.  In  most  good  special  works  on  the  subject  desired. 

d.  In  many  books  giving  bibliography  only  of  some  special 
subjects,  such  as  history,  for  example. 

1.  Cannon,    H.    L.     Reading   references    for    English    his- 
tory.    Chicago.     Ginn. 

2.  Channing  and  Hart.     Guide  to  American  History.    Chi- 
cago.    Ginn. 

3.  Andrews,   Chas.  M.     Bibliography  of  history  for  high 

school  libraries.     N.  Y.     Longmans. 

e.  The  card  catalogue  of  the  local  library  will  often  reveal 
bibliographies. 

138 


f.  The  Library  of  Congress  has  a  special  department  of  bibli- 

ography, and  has  published  many  very  complete  lists,  books 
in  foreign  languages  included. 

g.  The  Department  of  the  Bureau  of  Education  will  prepare 
bibliographies  on  educational  subjects  upon  request*,  if  the 
topic  is  an  important  one. 

h.  A  pamphlet  by  Isadore  Mudge  on  bibliographies  is  pub- 
lished by  the  A.  L.  A.  Publishing  Bd.,  Chicago,  for  10c. 

i.  A  Bulletin  of  bibliography  is  issued  quarterly  by  the 
Boston  Book  Company. 

12.  Many  local  Boards  of  Education,  State  Boards  of  Education, 
Normal  Schools,  publishers  and  other  bodies  issue  lists  of  books 
for  various  needs. 

13.  Library  commissions,  located  at  state  capitals,  frequently  pub- 
lish valuable  lists,  usually  free  to  schools  of  the  state  and  sold 
very  reasonably  outside  of  the  state.  The  following  are 
especially  good:  Michigan,  Minnesota,  New  York,  Oregon, 
Wisconsin. 

14.  a.     Each  large  publishing  house  issues  a  list  of  its  own  publi- 

cations, usually  under  author,  subject,  series,  etc.  These 
separate  catalogues,  just  as  issued  by  the  respective  firms, 
are  arranged  alphabetically  by  the  firm  name,  and  are 
bound  together  every  year  under  the  title  of  "Publishers' 
Trade  list  annual."  Issued  by  the  Publishers'  Weekly,  of 
New  York, 
b.  The  Publishers'  Weekly,  of  New  York,  issues  a  weekly  list 
of  current  books  published. 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  GUIDES  TO 
BOOK    SELECTION. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  convenient, 
use  them,  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving  the 
date  or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a  guide  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  A  complete  list  of  all  the  editions  of  Shakespeare's  plays 
in  print  in  the  United  States,  could  be  found  in  what  catalogue 
and  in  what  supplements?  9:a,b.  A  large  entry  like  Shakespeare 
has  many  sub-headings.  Individual  plays  would  be  sub-arranged 
alphabetically;  all  separate  editions  of  Hamlet,  for  example,  would 
come  under  sub-division  "H."  If  the  catalogue  is  available,  find 
the  cheapest  edition  of  Hamlet. 

139 


2.  A  summary  of  book  reviews,  from  many  different  sources, 
on  books  published  since  1905,  can  be  found  in  what  way?  How  is  a 
favorable  review  indicated?    An  unfavorable  one?     10 :a. 

3.  A  recommended  book  for  a  child,  in  the  folk-lore  of  Indians, 
for  example,  could  be  found  in  what  list,  and  how  does  the  list 
suggest  about  what  age  a  child  would  be  likely  to  enjoy  it?     4:b. 

4.  Books  on  leading  subjects,  which  have  been  recommended 
by  the  American  Library  Association  could  be  found  arranged 
under  the  ten  main  divisions  of  the  Dewey  Library  classification 
in  what  catalogue  and  what  supplements?  1  :a,b,c.  Name  these  ten 
divisions  either  from  memory  or  by  consulting  Table  3,  under 
Group  4:  A. 

5.  Lists  of  books  for  special  needs  are  frequently  published 
by  what  bodies?     12  and  13. 

6.  Name  two  books  which  give  bibliographies  for  history  only. 
ll:d;l,2,3. 

7.  Where  are  lists  of  books  likely  to  be  given  in  good  encyclo- 
paedias? 11  :a.  Books  of  what  other  nature  often  give  selected 
references?     11 :b. 

8.  Name  two  good  books  about  books.     3  and  8. 

9.  Where  could  the  address  of  a  publisher,  (e.  g.,  E.  P.  Dut- 
ton),  be  found?     l:a;2.     9:c. 

10.  How  could  the  price  of  any  book  in  print  in  the  United 
States  be  found?     9:a. 

11.  What  firms  make  a  point  of  publishing  standard  works 
at  reasonable  prices? 

12.  To  determine  whether  Spanish  books  are  published  by 
Macmillan,  or  Heath,  or  Ginn,  what  catalogues  should  be  con- 
sulted?    14:a. 

13.  Find  the  authors  and  titles  of  a  few  good  books  on  cos- 
tumes.      1  :a,b,c.       ll:a-e. 

14.  Name  several  good  lists  of  children's  books  upon  which 
the  Wilson   Co.  based  their  children's  catalogue.     4:c;l-5. 

15.  What  educational  bureau  will  prepare  bibliographies  on 
educational  subjects  of  importance,  if  requested?     11  :g. 

16.  Explain  the  "United  States  catalogue  of  books  in  print" 
and  its  supplements.  If  it  is  available,  examine  it  under  the  fol- 
lowing heads,  glancing  through  the  entries  and  naming  the  first 
entry    and    the    last:     Arithmetic,    dictionaries,    year-books,    cyclo- 

140 


paedias;  encyclopaedias.  Under  "Bible,"  there  are  probably  more 
books  listed  than  under  any  other  one  subject.  Count  the  pages 
under  "Bible— Whole,"  "Bible— O.  T."  (Old  Testament),  "Bible— 
N.  T."  (New  Testament). 

17.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 


141 


GROUP    8: 

A.  PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS,    UNITED    STATES. 

B.  STATE   PUBLICATIONS. 

C.  CITY  PUBLICATIONS. 

A:     PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS. 
A  Few  Important  United  States  Government  Publications. 

Public  Documents  include  publications  of  the  nation,  state, 
county  and  city.  Many  reports  and  special  pamphlets  issued  by 
these  governing  bodies  contain  much  very  valuable  material. 
Every  citizen  should  be  familiar  with  the  general  nature  and 
purport  of  these  publications.  The  vast  majority  of  them,  how- 
ever, pertain  to  statistics,  detailed  local  matters,  laws,  and  other 
interests  by  far  too  cumbersome  for  examination  except  by  those 
personally  concerned.  Reference  work  among  public  documents 
is  a  branch  by  itself. 

The  statement  below  is  taken  from  the  back  of  a  "Price  list." 
"Price  lists"  are  explained  under  number  11. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  is  the  greatest  of  all 
publishers  of  scientific  works.  It  employs  thousands  of  scientists, 
who  are  engaged  the  year  round  in  making  researches  and  investi- 
gations in  all  branches  of  agriculture,  in  geology,  in  mining,  in 
electricity,  in  chemistry,  in  astronomy,  in  engineering,  in  aviation, 
in  preventive  medicine,  in  foresty,  in  irrigation,  and  in  almost  all 
other  branches  of  scientific  inquiry. 

The  results  of  all  these  activities  from  the  most  comprehensive 
and  effective  organization  ever  known  are  constantly  reduced  to 
print  and  poured  out  in  an  incessant  flood  from  the  largest  printing- 
works  in  the  world. 

These  publications  of  the  government  printing  office  at  Wash 
ington  constitute  the  public  documents  of  the  United  States. 

The  greater  number  of  them  are  sold  by  the  superintendent 
of  documents,  located  in  the  government  printing  office.  The 
government  did  not  establish  this  sales  office  for  the  purposes  of 
profit,  but  as  a  public  convenience.  The  prices  charged  cover  only 
paper  and  printing,  no  charge  being  made  for  the  services  of  the 
statesmen  and  scientists  who  are  the  authors  of  the  astonishingly 
varied  books,  pamphlets,  periodicals,  and  maps,  and  no  com- 
missions being  allowed  to  anybody.  The  documents  even  have 
the  freedom  of  the  mails  and  are  sent  without  cost. 

The  only  condition  is  that  payment  be  made  in  advance  of 
shipment.  The  superintendent  of  documents  is  not  authorized  to 
supply  free  copies,  and  it  is  useless  to  ask  him  to  do  so.  Frequent- 
ly,   however,    individuals,    libraries,    schools    and   other   bodies    that 

143 


need  these  publications  for  public  use  can  secure  them  free  from 
a  congressman  or  from  the  bureau  or  department  issuing  them,  so 
long  as  the  free  lists  last.  These  publications  are  never  advertised 
nor  placed  in  book  stores  for  sale. 

The  work  of  the  United  States  government  is  divided  into 
ten  departments  as  follows: 

1.  Agriculture  6.     Interior 

2.  Commerce  7.     Navy 

3.  Justice  8.     Post   Office 

4.  Labor  9.     Treasuiy 

5.  State  10.     War 

Most  departments  are  subdivided  into  bureaus  and  divisions 
each  branch  of  which  publishes  valuable  reports  and  statistics  per- 
taining to  its  own  subject.  A  complete  file  of  these  reports 
constitutes  between  three  and  four  hundred  large  volumes  for 
every  Congress. 

Most  of  them  are  issued  in  two  forms: 

1st.  By  the  department  or  bureau  or  both  under  which  the 
report  is  prepared. 

2nd.  As  a  "Congressional  document;"  that  is,  a  document 
passed  by  Congress,  numbered  in  a  series  as  "House-'  or  "Senate" 
document  and  bound  in  large  volumes  numbered  consecutively  for 
each  Congress. 

Each  department,  bureau  and  division  has  its  own  method  of 
indexing,  which  is  supplemented  and  unified  in  a  series  of  cata- 
logues, published,  one  for  each  congress,  since  1895,  and  known  as 
the  "Document  catalogue."  This  catalogue  is  to  the  United  States 
government  publications  what  the  Readers'  guide,  and  other  maga- 
zine indexes,  are  to  magazine  articles.  Its  great  value  is  not 
appreciated  as  fully  as  it  should  be.  As  the  catalogue  indexes 
practically  everything,  by  subject  and  author,  the  list  necessarily 
contains  much  material  which  is  of  little  or  no  service  to  the 
general  public,  as  well  as  much  that  is  of  great  value.  Each  month 
all  of  the  current  reports  are  indexed,  under  departments,  in  the 
"Monthly  catalogue." 

Specimen  Entry  Under  Mosquitoes,  in  Volume   10  of  the 
Document  Catalogue. 

Mosquitoes. 

Currie,  D.  H.  Mosquitoes  in  relation  to  transmission  of 
leprosy  (with  bibliography).  (In  Public  Health  ana 
Marine  Hospital  Service.  Public  health  bulletin  39.  Sept., 
1910.   p.   3-19.) 

144 


What  is  the  title  of  the  article?  What  office  issues  it  as  bulle- 
tin number  what?  What  date?  How  many  pages  does  it  contain? 
Articles  are  also  indexed  under  author;  under  what  name,  there- 
fore, would  this,  and  any  other  articles  for  this  catalogue  by  this 
author,  appear?     What  does  "with  bibliography"  mean? 

The  next  article  under  "mosquitoes"  gives  as  one  of  the  refer- 
ences the  following:  S.  doc.  822,  p.  239-250.  61st.  Cong..  3d  sess.,  in 
v.  61;  5919.  This  refers  to  Senate  document  number  what?  pages? 
Congress  and  session?  Volume  for  this  Congress?  5919  is  the  large 
serial  number  on  the  back  of  the  volume,  regardless  of  the 
Congress. 

One  of  the  entries  under  "Beans"  reads  as  follows: 

Beans. 

Dubois,  W.  L.  Analyses  of  canned  peas  and  beans,  show- 
ing composition  of  different  grades.  Mar.  28,  1910.  9  p. 
(Chemistry  Bureau.     Circular  54.) 

Under  what  Bureau  was  it  issued?  As  circular  number  what? 
And  at  what  date?  How  many  pages  in  the  article?  What  subject 
is  of  as  much  importance  in  the  article  as  "beans"?  It  would, 
therefore,  be  entered  again  under  what  other  word?  What  entry 
will  it  have  besides  subject;  and,  therefore,  under  what  name? 

A  FEW  IMPORTANT 

UNITED  STATES   GOVERNMENT  PUBLICATIONS 

THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort  to 
keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one,  as  a 
fortification  for  future  needs.     Add  good  books,  that  are  available, 
and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 
1.    Agricultural  Department. 

a.  Year   book.      Indexed   by   subject   at   the   back,   and   also   in 
Document  catalogues. 

b.  Farmers'   bulletins.     Indexed   in   the    Document   catalogue. 
Both  a  and  b  are  indexed  in  the  Readers'  guide. 

c.  Monthly  list  of  publications  of  this   department. 

Special  Helps  From  This  Department, 
Other   Than   Publications. 

(Usually  accompanied  by  printed  lecture;  loaned  to  schools  or 
libraries  for  transportation  charges.) 

The  Office  of  the  Secretary,  Interior  Department,  has  a  collec- 
tion of  83  photographs  of  national  parks,  in  color,  of  a  size  to 
cover  a  250-foot  wall  space  in  single  tier. 

The  Forest  Service.  Department  of  Agriculture,  has  several 
special  sets  of  colored  lantern  slides  for  educational  use. 

145 


The  Forest  Service  also  has  a  special  collection  of  44  large 
mounted  photographs  on  "The  Forests  of  the  United  States,  Their 
Use  and  Preservation,"  prepared  as  a  traveling  exhibit. 

The  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  Department  of  Agriculture, 
has  prepared  a  series  of  14  lecture  syllabuses,  each  lecture  being 
illustrated  with  from  45  to  50  lantern  slides,  on  such  subjects  as 
the  care  of  milk;  potato  diseases,  etc. 

This  department  is  also  preparing  a  series  of  lectures  dealing 
with  instruction  in  agricultural  schools. 

Uantern     slides    showing    photographic    views    and    plans     of 
modern    high    school    library    rooms    may    be    borrowed    from    the 
librarian,   Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  D.  C. 
2.    Bureau  of  Education. 

a.  Annual  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Education.     2  vols. 

1.  Gives  valuable   statistics   and   articles   on   education. 

2.  Indexed  at  the  back  of  each  volume. 

b.  Bulletins,  issued  at  frequent  intervals.  Below  are  men- 
tioned a  few.  A  complete  list  is  given  at  the  back  of  each 
bulletin. 

1.  Monthly    record    of    current    educational    publications; 

indexes  books,  chapters  in  books,  magazine  articles, 
reports  of  special  societies,  and  other  publications 
which  pertain  to  educational  subjects,  if  they  have 
appeared    currently. 

2.  1911.  *No.  15.  Educational  system  of  China  as  recent- 
ly  reconstructed.      Harry    E.    King.      10c. 

3.  1912.  *No.  7.  Educational  status  of  nursing.  M. 
Adelaide   Nutting.     lUc. 

4.  1913.  -Xo.  47.  Teaching  material  in  Government  pub- 
lications.    F.   K.  Xoyes.     10c. 

5.  1914.     Xo.  14.     Vocational  guidance. 

6.  1914.     Xo.  43.     Educational    directory,  1914-15.   Yearly. 

7.  1915.  Xo.  8.  Present  status  of  the  honor  system  in 
colleges  and  universities.     Bird  T.   Baldwin. 

8.  1915      Xo.  23.     The  teaching  of  community  civics. 

9.  Home  education  division  offers  a  course  of  study  which 
can  be  taken  by  anyone  desiring  it.  free  of  charge.  Ten 
courses  have  been  outlined  as  follows:  The  great 
literary  bibles;  Masterpieces  of  the  world's  literature; 
A  course  for  parents;  Miscellaneous  reading  for  boys; 
Miscellaneous  reading  for  girls;  Twenty-five  books  of 
great  fiction;  Some  of  the  world's  heroes;  American 
literature;  Biography;  History. 

The  bulletins  which  are  marked  with  a  star  can  no  longer  be 
supplied  free  by  the  liureau  of  Fducation,  but  can  be  purchased  for 
the    price    indicated    from    the    Supt.    o'    Documents. 

146 


3.  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics. 

The  publication  of  the  Annual  and  Special  Reports  and  of  the 
bi-monthly  Bulletin  has  been  discontinued,  and  since  July,  1912,  a 
Bulletin  has  been  published  at  irregular  intervals.  Each  number 
contains  mainly  statistics  devoted  to  one  of  a  series  of  general 
subjects,  such  as: 

Wholesale  prices. 

Retail  prices, 

Wages  and  hours  of  labor  in  different  industries, 

Women  in  industry, 

Workmen's    insurance    and    compensation, 

Industrial  accidents  and  hygiene. 

4.  Census  abstract.    An  abstract  of  large  volumes  of  the  complete 
census;  a  complete  census  is  taken  every  ten  years. 

a.  The  index  at  the  back  is  classified  under  the  subjects  of  the 
full  census,  and  sub-arranged  alphabetically  under  each 
classifications,  as: 

1.  Population,     sub-arranged     alphabetically     under     first 
state,  then  county,  then  town. 

2.  Agriculture,   sub-arranged   alphabetically  under   topics, 
such  as  grain,  land,  etc. 

3.  Manufacturers;   industries,   sub-arranged   alphabetically 
under  name  of  industry. 

4.  Manufacturers;    subjects,    sub-arranged    alphabetically 
under  name  of  articles  manufactured. 

5.  Mines  and  Quarries,  sub-arranged  alphabetically  under 
minerals,  etc. 

b.  State  supplements:  details  for  separate  states  are  appended 
in  individual  state  supplement  editions. 

5.  Congressional  directory. 

a.  Directory  of  the  members  of  Congress;  official  duties  of  the 
departments  of  the  government;  foreign  consuls;  many 
other  items  connected  with  the  government. 

b.  Contents  in  the  front,  arranged  alphabetically,  to  serve  as 
an  index. 

6.  Congressional   record. 

a.  A  daily  record  of  the  speeches  and  proceedings  of  Congress 
while  it  is  in  session.     Gives  congressional  debates. 

b.  Indexed  every  two  weeks;  index  fully  cumulated  every 
Congress. 

c.  Action  taken  regarding  Senate  or  House  bills  can  be  traced 
by  their  numbers  at  the  back. 

147 


7.  Statistical  abstract. 

a.  A  valuable  yearly  abstract  of  statistics  compiled  by  the 
government. 

b.  Indexed  at  the  back. 

8.  Document  catalogues: 

a.  Very  large  catalogues,  one  for  each  Congress,  giving  in 
alphabetical  order  by  subject  and  author  a  guide  to  what 
has  been  published  by  the  United  States  government  for 
the  Congress  indicated  on  the  back;  issued  since  1895. 

b.  Continued  monthly  by  the  "Monthly  catalogue,''  which 
keeps  it  up-to-date,  but  which  is  arranged  by  departments 
instead  of  alphabetically  by  subjects;  indexed  at  the  front. 

c.  Check-list.  A  complete  list  of  documents  arranged  by 
departments. 

9.  Street  directory  of  the  principal  cities  of  the  United  States. 
Names  of  streets  arranged  in  one  alphabetical  order,  under 
which  is  given  an  alphabetical  arrangement  of  the  cities  which 
have  a  street  by  that  name.  Serves  to  show  what  cities  have 
streets  by  certain  names,  and  thus  to  make  it  possible,  under 
some  conditions,  to  deliver  a  letter  if  the  name  and  number 
of  the  street  is  correct,  but  if  the  name  of  the  city  or  state 
has  been  carelessly  omitted. 

10.  Reports  which  are  of  special  popular  value  are  indexed  in 
the  Wilson  magazine  indexes;  Readers'  guide;  Industrial  arts; 
Public  affairs.  (Reports  indexed  in  each  are  indicated  at  the 
front  of  the  respective  guides.) 

11.  "Price  lists."  Classiiied  catalogues.  Each  subject  forming 
one  pamphlet.  They  are  sent  free  upon  application  to  the 
Supt.  of  Documents,  Washington,  D.  C.  Below  are  given  a 
few  titles,  with  a  few  entries  under  each,  to  illustrate  the  range 
of  subjects  treated,  and  the  extremely  low  prices.  There  are 
about  75  price  lists  in  all. 

Price  List,  51.     Health,  disease  and  sanitation. 
Examples. 

Disinfectants.      Some    common    disinfectants.      (Farm- 
ers' bulletin  345.)     Paper,  5c. 

Headache     mixtures.       Harmfulness     of.        (Farmers' 
bulletin  377.)      Paper,  5c. 
House   flies.      (Farmers'   bulletin   459.)      Paper,   5c. 

148 


Price  List,  11.    Foods  and  cooking. 
Examples. 

Cheese  and  its  economical  uses  in  the  diet.  (Farmers' 
bulletin  487.)     Paper,  5c. 

Cost  of  food  as  related  to  its  nutritive  value.  Pages 
387  to  406.  (In  Agriculture  Year-book,  1902.)  Price 
of  entire  vol.,  85c. 

Meat,  Economical  use  in  home.  (Farmers'  bulletin 
391.)     Paper,  5c. 

Price  List,  31.     Education. 

Examples. 

Industrial    education.     822   pp.      (25th    Labor    Report, 

1910.)     Paper,  55c;  cloth,  70c. 

Indoor  tropics,  injurious  effect  of  overheated  dwellings. 

(Public  Health  Report,  supplement  2.)     Paper,  5c. 

Games.     Social  plays,  games,  marches,  old  folk  dances, 

and  rhythmic  movements   for  use   in   Indian   schools. 

(Indian  Office.)     Paper,  10c. 
Miscellaneous  publications,   secured  from  the   Supt.   of  Docu- 
ments. 

Hodge,  F.  W.     Handbook  of  American  Indians.     2  parts. 

$1.50  each. 

Information   concerning   some   of  the   principal   navies   of 

the  world.     5c. 

Fifty    common    birds    of    field    and    orchard,    15c.      Arbor 

day,  15c. 

12.  Everhart,  Elfrida.  Handbook  of  United  States  public  docu- 
ments. N.  Y.  White  Plains.  Wilson.  $1.00.  A  good  general 
explanation  of  the  different  publications  of  the  United  States 
government. 

13.  The  A.  L.  A.  monthly  book-list  gives  valuable  current  public 
documents.     The   A.    L.   A.   catalogue,   8000   volumes,   give   a 

valuable  list,  just  preceding  the  index. 


PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  CERTAIN 
UNITED  STATES  PUBLICATIONS. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  convenient, 
use   them    for   the    same    or   similar   problems,    always    giving   the 

149 


date  or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a  guide  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  Any  material  which  the  United  States  Government  has 
prepared  on  any  subject  is  indexed,  since  what  date,  in  what 
catalogue?  How  frequently  are  these  catalogues  published?  How 
are  they  kept  up  to  date  monthly?     8:a,b. 

2.  The  text  of  any  speech  or  debate  made  in  congress  would 
be  published  in  what  publication?     6. 

3.  Statistics  on  educational  matters,  for  example,  how  many 
high  schools,  or  colleges,  or  teachers,  or  pupils  attending  school, 
there  are  in  the  United  States  could  be  found  in  the  annual  report 
of  what  bureau?  2:a.  How  could  the  name  of  the  principal  of  a 
large  high  school  be  found?    2:b,6. 

4.  The  complete  census  of  the  United  States  is  taken  how 
frequently? 

a.  How  man}'  large  volumes  were  required  to  print  the 
returns  of  the  last  census? 

b.  Under  what  name  has  the  most  important  material  from 
each  of  these  volumes  been  condensed  and  published  in  one 
volume?     4. 

c.  How  is  the  index  to  this  volume  arranged,  to  indicate  from 
what   large   volumes   the   report   is    condensed?     4:a;l-5. 

5.  A  guide  to  articles,  or  reports,  or  books,  published  within 
the  last  month  or  two  on  educational  matters  could  be  found  in 
what  publication  of  what  department?     2:b,l. 

6.  The  Department  of  Agriculture  publishes  the  results  of 
many  scientific  investigations  on  agricultural  interests.  Some  of  the 
results  of  scientific  study  on  "apples,"  for  example,  would  be  found 
in  what  year-book?     1  :a. 

7.  To  become  somewhat  familiar  with  the  range  of  informa- 
tion included  in  two  important  abstracts: 

a.  Consult  the  index  of  the  condensed  yearly  summary,  and 
name  any  ten  entries,  each  one  under  a  different  letter. 
7:a,b. 

How  many  dozens  of  eggs  were  sold  in  the  United  States 
according  to  the  abstract   consulted? 

b.  Consult  the  classified  index  of  the  condensed  summary 
made  every  ten  years,  under  manufacturers  (industries),  and 
name  any  ten  entries,  each  one  under  a  different  letter.     4. 

150 


c.     Find  also 

Number  of  Japanese  in  the  United  States.     4:a;l. 

Gallons  of  milk  consumed  in  1909.     4:a;2. 

Amount  invested  in  the  manufacture  of  soap.     (Why  more 

in  1899  than  in  1909?)     4:a;3. 

Similar    information    for    yearly    reports    could    be    found 

in  what  abstract? 

8.  The  name  of  any  congressman,  or  of  any  foreign  consul, 
or  of  the  head  of  any  department  or  bureau  of  the  government  of 
the  United  States,  for  example,  the  head  of  the  Children's  Bureau, 
could  be  found  in  what  directory?     5:a,b. 

9.  Important  bulletins  and  reports  from  several  of  the  bureaus 
and  departments  of  the  government  are  indexed  in  what  series  of 
magazine  indexes,  published  by  what  firm?     10. 

10.  Action  taken  by  Congress  on  any  bills,  and  debates  con- 
cerning them,  can  be  found  by  using  what  publication?     6:a  and  c. 

11.  Would  it  be  possible  to  deliver  a  letter  addressed  to 
10  Clarence  Place,  with  no  city  or  state?     9. 

12.  What   is   the   largest   publishing   house   in   the   world? 

13.  What  are  "Price  Lists?"  How  are  they  secured?  Name 
two,  giving  the  title,  publishing  bureau,  and  price  of  some  one 
article  under  each.     11. 

14.  What  Bureau  prepares  valuable  statistics  and  information 
on  labor?  Name  three  bulletin  subjects  under  which  separate 
bulletins  are  issued.     3. 

15.  If  a  list  of  United  States  documents  on  some  one  subject, 
e.  g.,  health,  or  foods,  or  education,  is  desired  how  can  it  be  ob- 
tained?    11. 

16.  A  valuable  pamphlet  on  teaching  material  in  United  States 
government  publications  can  be  secured  for  what  price  from  the 
office  of  the  Supt.  of  Documents?     2:b,4. 

17.  What  bureau  has  undertaken  a  plan  of  home  education  in 
a  course  of  study  under  its  direction?     2:b,9. 

18.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group). 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 

151 


GROUP   8: 

A    PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS.    UNITED    STATES. 

B.  STATE  PUBLICATIONS. 

C.  CITY   PUBLICATIONS. 

B:     PUBLIC  DOCUMENTS. 
A  Few  Important  State  Pulbications. 

Many  of  the  publications  of  the  several  departments  of  the 
different  state  governments,  like  those  of  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment, are  of  general  and  scientific  value,  and  issued  under  de- 
partments and  commissions.  One  should  be  familiar  with  the 
nature  of  the  work  done  by  these  several  departments  and  should 
occasionally  examine  reports  and  publications  from  the  various 
boards  and  commissions  in  order  to  know  the  kind  of  information 
which  can  be  obtained  through  them. 

A   FEW  IMPORTANT   STATE  PUBLICATIONS 
THAT   SHOULD   BE   KNOWN. 

Examine  the  books  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  an  effort  to 
keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each  one,  as  a 
fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  good  books  that  are  available 
and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.  "Manual"  or  "Blue  Book,-'  or  "Red  Book,"  or  "Register,"  or 
some  similar  title,  is  used  for  a  one-volume  state  publication, 
usually  issued  bi-annually,  giving  a  general  survey  of  the 
work  of  the  state  issuing  it.  The  items  included  differ  slightly 
in  different  states  but  each  one  would  probably  contain: 

a.  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

b.  Its   own   state   constitution. 

c.  Members  of  the  United  States  Congress. 

d.  Members  of  its  own  state  legislature. 

e.  Items  of  concern  in   each  of  its  own  counties. 

f.  State   institutions. 

g.  Officials  in  prominent  state  positions. 
h.     Usually  well  indexed  at  the  back. 

2.  Reports  and  special  publications  from  all  of  the  several  de- 
partments of  each  state  are  listed  every  month  by  the  Library 
of  Congress,  under  the  title,  "Monthly  list  of  state  publica- 
tions." These  are  indexed  at  the  end  of  the  year  under  author 
and  subject. 

3.  Reports  and  publications  from  such  state  boards  and  com- 
missions as  the  following  should  be  recognized  as  sources  for 
much  valuable   information: 

a.  Report  of  Labor  Commission. 

b.  Report  of  Library  Commission. 

152 


c.  Report  of  Bank  Commission. 

d.  Report  of  Dairy  and  Food  Commission. 

e.  Report  of  Insurance  Commission. 

f.  Report  of  Fish  Commission. 

g.  Report  of  Board  of  Agriculture, 
h.  Report  of  Board  of  Education, 
i.  Report  of  Board  of  Health. 

j.  Report   of   Board   of    Corrections    and    Charities. 
4.     Each  state  has  its  own  laws  published  separately,  and  indexed. 

PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  CERTAIN 
STATE  PUBLICATIONS. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books  listed. 
Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if  the  books 
are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books  are  conven- 
ient, use  them,  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always  giving 
the  date  or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a  guide  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  All  reports  from  all  states  on  all  subjects  are  listed  monthly 
by  what  library,  and  indexed  by  author  and  subject  how  fre- 
quently?    2. 

(These  reports  and  publications  have  a  wider  range  than  is 
generally  supposed,  as  would  be  seen  by  consulting  this  index 
under  such  words  as  "milk,"  "flies,"  "birds,"  "music,"  "books.") 

2.  Any  special  report  on  labor  conditions,  such  as  wages 
paid,  accidents  from  machinery,  conditions  of  factories,  etc.,  would 
probably  be  given  through  what  commission?     3:a. 

3.  Any  publications  of  educational  interest,  such  as  the  con- 
ditions of  rural  schools,  would  come  through  which  Board?    3:h. 

4.  Any  scientific  study  of  health,  such  as  the  condition  of  the 
water  supply,  or  danger  from  contagious  diseases,  or  impure  food, 
would  be  issued  by  what  Board?     3:i. 

5.  Any  special  lists  of  books  prepared  for  libraries  or  for 
special  needs,  would  be  published  by  what  Commission?     3:b. 

6.  Any  special  statistics  or  topics  on  insurance  would  be 
prepared  by  what  commission?     3:e. 

7.  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  a  state  could  be  found  in 
what  book?     1  :g. 

8.  The  senators  and  representatives  from  different  districts 
of  the  several  states  could  be  found  in  what  book?     l:d. 

153 


9.  The  different  institutions  supported  by  a  state  could  be 
found  in  what  book?     1  :f. 

10.  The  county  superintendent  of  schools  could  be  found  in 
what  book?     1  :e  and  3:h. 

11.  State  constitution  could  be  found  where?     1  :b. 

12.  Members  of  the  United  States  congress  could  be  found 
where?     l:c. 

13.  The  law  of  any  state  regulating  fire  escapes  on  public 
buildings,  could  be  found  by  consulting  what  word  in  what 
compilation?     4. 

14.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  of 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  report  or  book  pertaining  to 
the  subject,  and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 


154 


GROUP  8: 

A.  PUBLIC    DOCUMENTS,    UNITED    STATES. 

B.  STATE  PUBLICATIONS. 

C.  CITY  PUBLICATIONS. 

C:     PUBLIC   DOCUMENTS. 

A  Few  Important  City  Publications. 

The  publications  of  a  city  government,  like  those  of  the  states 
and  nation,  are  issued  in  the  form  of  reports  or  special  pamphlets 
under  different  departments  or  boards.  They  are  of  great  value 
for  local  history  and  statistics.  One  should  be  familiar  with  the 
character  of  the  information  given  by  them. 


A  FEW  IMPORTANT  CITY  PUBLICATIONS 
THAT  SHOULD  BE  KNOWN. 

Examine  the  reports  listed,  if  possible;  if  not,  make  a  strong 
effort  to  keep  in  mind  the  purpose  and  the  arrangement  of  each 
one  as  a  fortification  for  future  needs.  Add  good  books,  that  are 
available  and  that  apply  to  the  subject. 

1.  Reports   of  the  different  departments   of  the  city  government 
are   usually    kept   on   file   at   local   public   libraries. 

a.  No  complete  index  for  the  publications  of  different  cities, 
corresponding  to  state  publications  indexed  by  the  Library 
of  Congress,  is  prepared,  though  the  New  York  Public 
library  has  made  a  start  in  this  direction. 

b.  The  Municipal  Journal,  50  Union  Square,  N.  Y.,  publishes 
an  index  to  articles  pertaining  especially  to  cities. 

2.  Reports    of   the    different    boards,    such    as    the    following,    will 
give   a   fair   estimate   of   city   reports: 

a.  Public  Lighting  Commission. 

b.  Fire   Commission. 

c.  Board  of  Education. 

d.  Board  of  Health. 

e.  Water  Commission. 

f.  Police  Commission. 

g.  Poor  Commission. 

h.     Public  Library  Commission, 
i.     Park  Commission. 

3.  Many  cities  publish  a  small  manual,  giving  general  information 
concerning  city  boards  and  city  management.     Free. 

155 


4.  Though  a  city  directory  is  not  an  official  publication  of  a  city, 
it  is  a  necessary  guide;  and  that  it  contains  a  vast  amount  of 
miscellaneous  information  should  be  realized.  City  directories 
of  local  places  are  usually  arranged  under  four  heads: 

a.  Alphabetical  list  of  all  residents,  with  addresses. 

b.  Alphabetical  list  of  all  streets,  sub-arranged  under  house 
numbers,  intersecting  streets  indicated.  Streets  on  city 
maps  are  indexed  on  the  plan  of  an  atlas  index. 

c.  Alphabetical  list  of  business  occupations,  usually  following 

the  street  guides. 

d.  In  some  city  directories,  miscellaneous  information  is 
given  at  the  front  of  the  volume;  in  others  it  is  given  at 
the  back.  In  either  case  an  alphabetical  index,  or  contents, 
may  be  found  for  such  topics  as: 

1.  Officers  in  city  government. 

2.  Location    of    churches,    schools    and    other    important 
buildings. 

3.  Members  of  important  city  boards. 

4.  Many  other  important  miscellaneous  items  of  interest. 

5.  Pocket    maps,    with    street    guides    are    published    in 
separate  inexpensive  form,  usually  for  25c. 


The  accompanying  specimen  pages  are  taken  from  the  Detroit 
City  Directory  as  indicated.  Consult  the  one  for  "Index  to  mis- 
cellaneous information,"  and  name  the  pages  in  the  directory  which 
would  contain  the   following  points: 

Hospitals  of  the  city.  Aldermen. 

Ferries  of  the  city.  Amusement  places. 

Courts.  Fire  Department. 

Foreign  consuls. 
Churches. 

Under  "Board,"  name  the  different  ones;  under  commission, 
the  different  commissions. 

Where  in  the  Detroit  Directory  is  this  index  to  be  found? 
Do  cities  usually  have  a  corresponding  section? 


156 


Specimen  Entry  at  the  Front  of  Detroit  City  Directory  Under 

INDEX  TO  MISCELLANEOUS  INFORMATION. 


Pape 

Aldermen    41 

Allgemeiner    Arbeiter-    Bund    of 

Michigan    127 

Allgemeiner      Arbeiter      Frauen 

Bund  of  Michigan 127 

American  Insurance  Union 127 

American  Woman's  League   ....  127 

Amusement,  places  of 3058 

Ancient  Order  of  Gleaners 127 

Ancient  Order  of.  Hibernians  ....  127 
Ancient  and  Honorable  Order  of 

the  Blue  Goose  128 

Apartment   Houses    3058 

Army  of  the  Phillipines 128 

Associated  Charities  of  Detroit. .  12S 

Asylums,  Hospitals,  Homes,  etc.  62 

Banks   and   Bankers    51 

Belgian  St.  Charles  Society 128 

Benevolent  and   Protective  Order 

of  Elks  128 

Board  of  Aldermen   41 

Board  of  Commerce 59 

Board  of  Education  42 

Board  of  Estimates   42 

Board  of  Health 42 

Board  of  Library  Commissioners  43 

Board  of  Poor  Commissioners.  .  .  43 

Board  of  Trade  59 

Board  of  "Water  Commissioners.  45 

Boulevard    Commissioner    43 

Brotherhood    of    American    Yoe- 

men     128 

Builders  and  Traders'  Exchange  59 

Catholic  Mutual  Benefit  Ass'n...  128 

Catholic   Order  of   Foresters....  128 

Cemeteries     52 

Churches  and  Sunday  Schools  .  .  52 

City  Government    41 

City   Officers    41 

City  Physicians  43 

City    Plan    and     Improvement 

Commission    43 

Clubs    117 

Commercial   Organizations    59 

Common   Council    41 

Commissioner  of  Parks  and  Bou- 
levards     43 

Commissioner  of  Public  Works.  43 

Commissioners  of  Sinking  Fund  42 

Constables     60 

Consular     Corps     Resident     in 

Michigan    60 


Page 

Convents   106 

County  Officers 50 

Court  of  Honor 129 

Courts    ^ 60 

Creamatories    61 

Custom  House 61 

Daughters  of  St.  George 129 

Daughters  of  Scotland 134 

Degree  of  Honor 129 

Department  of  Buildings '  43 

Department  of  Parks  and  Boule- 
vards   43 

Department  of  Public  Works ...  43 

Detroit  Board  of  Commerce....  59 

Detroit  Brokers'  Assn 59 

Detroit  Butter  and  Egg  Board..  59 
Detroit     Convention  and  Tourist 

Bureau   59 

Detroit  Firemen's  Fund  Assn. .  .  129 

Detroit  Funeral  Directors  Ass'n.  59 

Detroit  Hotel  Assn 59 

Detroit  Jewelers'  Board  of  Trade  59 

Detroit  Museum  of  Art 43 

Detroit  Produce  Exchange. 59 

Detroit  Real  Estate  Board 59 

Detroit  Retail  Grocers'  Assn 5t> 

Election  Districts 45 

Federal  Offices 61 

Ferries    43 

Fire  Department 43 

Foreign  Consuls 60 

Foresters  of  America 129 

Fraternal  Order  of  Eagles 130 

German  Mercantile  Benefit  Ass'n  130 

Grand  Army  of  The  Republic...  130 
Grand  United  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 

>  lows    131 

Historiographer 44 

Home  Guards   of  America 131 

Hospitals,  Asylums  and  Homes. .  62 

House  of  Correction 43 

Improved      Order      Knights      of 

Pythias 131 

Improved  Order  of  Keptasophs..  131 

Improved  Order  of  Red  Men 131 

Incorporated    Companies 63 

Independent  Order  of  B'nai  B'rith.  .131 

Independent  Order  of  Foresters.  131 
Independent  Order  Free  Sons  of 

Israel    132 

Independent    Order    of  Odd  Fel- 
lows      132 


Specimen  Entry  at  the  Back  of  Detroit  City  Directory  Under 


Tecumseh  Road 


STREET  AND  AVENUE  GUIDE    (1911)         Theodore         2963 


TECUMSEH   ROAD    (Ecorse) 

from  \V  Jefferson  av  south 
to  the  river,  first  west  of 
Great  Lakes  av. 


TEFFT     AV,     from     Joy     av 

north,     northwest      of    city 
limits. 


TENTH,   from  436  W  Jeffer- 

son    av    north    to    Michigan 
av.      Paved    with    brick    to 
Fort,      with      cedar      from 
Fort  to  Howard,   and   with 
brick      from      Howard      to 
Michigan    av. 
Fort   (438)   intersects. 
47  Cull  Louisa  Mrs 
60-54  Mannausa  S   O   Print- 
ing Co 
50-56   Ingram    F    F   Co,    mfg 

chemists 
51-57  Puritan    Machine   Co 
"    Pilgrim    Scale    Co 
Lafayette  blvd   (410)   lntersts 
74   Spaulding  Mary  Mrs 
76   Hawley   Louis   D 
,   Howard    (328)   intersects. 
98   Bissell    John 
100  Soncrant  Earle  E 
102   McKervey   John    T 
104  Tune  Albert  H 

106  Butterfield   Arthur  E 
Abbott    (318)    intersects. 

107  Smith  Wesley  A 

108  Henryes  Nettie  Mrs 
112   Baird   Floyd   H 

"     Haupt  James  E 

"     Mattis   Howard   J1 

"     Vause   Thomas 
114   MacLulich    Donald 

"     Metcalf    Lee 

*'     Owen  Charles 

"     Schneider  Emil  O 
116   Decker  Charles  H 
Doose   Edward   J 

"x    Leary  Thomas  A 

"     Young   Helen 
121   Coughlin   John 

Porter    (264)     intersects. 
141   Currier    Calvin    M 
143  Casey   Charles 

145  Naylor  Le  Roy 

146  Proseer  David  W 
149   Elliston    Arthur 

Labrosse    (202)    intersects- 

165  Archer  Frederick 

166  Huber  Homer  C 

167  Brenner  Frederick  J 

168  Howard   James 
Baker    (135)     intersects. 

185   Baker   Charles    H 
187   Kuhn  Harry,   contr 
189   Bogen    Emanuel 
191   Todd   Elbert    K 

Leverett    (101)    intersects. 
210   Steinhauser   Emma 
217   Cochell  John  D 

Church     (52)     intersects. 
b    w    cor    Carhartt    Hamilton 

Mfr   (Inc),    clothing 
Michigan  av    (489)   intersects. 


THADDEUS,    from    155   West 

End    av    west    to    Dearborn 
av. 

2   Ridley   Henry  F  Rev 
"   Ridley   Wm 
n  s  St  Mark's  Episcopal  Mis- 
sion 

16  Bvllis   Amasa  H 

17  Juhasz   C    Mrs,   notary 

18  Freeland   Hilton 

21  Cha!l   Frederick 

22  Irwin  John,  carp 

23  Schonschek  Frederick 

24  Freer   John 

28  Taylor  Fred   L 

30  Loranger" James  A 

34  Gregory   John   S 

Boyer  av  ends. 

35  Anderson  August 


37  Burdeno   Thomas   L 

38  Rolf  Minnie  E   Mrs 

39  Ferris  Albert   R 

41  Ash  Frank  O 

42  Lark  A  Edward 

43  Welday  Thomas'  F 

45  Mqnshor  John 

46  Edwards  Thomas  B 

49  Hays  Archibald  F 

50  Conniff  Michael   J 

51  Boston   Alexander  S 

53  Meyer  August  F 

54  "Wagner  John  H 

57  Schmidt   Henry  F 

58  Bastien  John   H 
64  Fisher  Edward   H 

Ford   av    (57)    intersects. 
70   Moloney    Mary    Mrs 

73  Patee  Clyde  E 

74  McCool  James  R 

76  Burk  James  C,   contr 
"    Trombly  Russell  A 

77  Lillow  John  W 

79  Bridgman  Wm  F 

80  Van   Nest  Bert 

82  Ashley  Clarence  X> 

"    Ashley   &    Smith,    electns 

83  Moehl  Henry  A 

84  Davis  Robert 
86   Murphy   Frank 

88  Gustin  Wm  E 

.89   Koester  Frederick 
92   Boston   Henry  J 
96   Teeters  Wm   D 
98   Skowron   Charles 
"    Wilcox  Robert 
101   Snetsinger  Jane  Mrs 

104  Bewlev  Wm  C 

105  Miles   Wm   H 

106  Schmitt  Eva  Mrs 
109   Lindberg  Andrew 

111  Wellar  Charles  F 

112  Fay   Lewis  F 

115  Cobaugh  Jacob  L 

116  Dorgau  Stanley 
Johnson  James 
Kebel    Michael 

117  Crissey  Carl   M 

118  Guire   Jesse 

119  Daston    James   A 

122  Gubanyi   Joseph 

123  Bidinger  Peter 

124  Lehnhardt   Charles 

127  Cleveland  John 

128  Affelt    John   T 

129  Vacant 

130  Cummings    Charles    F 

131  Gabnaji  Joseph 

134  Frommert  Anton 

135  Kandatz  Julius 
Romanofski  Carl 

136  Bridgman  Wm  E 

139  Brown   Lydia   Mrs 

140  Ditton  John 

141  Floyd   George  W 

145  Pribiro    John 

146  Drouillard    Louis 

147  Biro   John 

148  Grundel   Julius 
150   Shimko   John 

154   Snyder  Edward   G 

D  T  &  I  K  R  intersects. 
164   Sherman   Wm 
166   How-e  Herbert  D 

Dearborn  .  av    intersects. 

THEODORE,    from   768   John 

R  east  to  Field  av.     Paved 

with  cedar  to  Russell. 
67   Brainard    Charles   E 
69   Wilson   W  Warne   Rev 
80   Mack  Virgie  N 

"    Wheeler  John   H 
84    Hoklridge    David    G 

'    Vandenbergh  Ora  H 

89  Hulett  Orren   S 

90  Fuller  John   J 
94    Diton  -Wm   T 
96   Oak   Charles   F 

98   Gospard     Marguerite 
100   Lichtenberg   Phillip  H 
102  Webber  Charles 


104   Brazell   Anna  Mrs 
106  Greert  Wm 

108  Mercer  Clementina   Mrs 

109  Palmer  Jonathan  jr 

110  Farewell  George  W 

110  Weber  Joseph 

111  Harvie  Millie  O  Mrs 

112  Bersey  John  S 

113  Johnson  Robert  A 

114  Barlow   Adolph 

115  Downie   Robert 

"     Jennick   Caroline,    nurse 

116  Carpenter  "Bruce 

117  Wright  John    M 

118  Cowsky  Benjamin 

119  Barnes   Martha   Mrs 

"     L'Hommedieu     Carrie     B: 
121   Lee   Charles   E 
123  Skinner   Frederick   G 
s  e  cor  King's  Hospital 

Brush    (1010)    intersects. 
152  Jageriskey   Annie   C    Mrs 
154   Fitzsimmons  Joseph 
158   Rivett  Byron  .1 

"     Stead   Harry   J 
160  Green    Robert   W 

"      Mueller   John    J 
165-7   Pontiac   Flats 

"     Farrell    Catherine 

."     Farrell    Lillie 

"     Parker  Isabel   M  Mrs 

"     Robinson    George    C 

"     Scarlett   Wm   H,   janitor 

"     Warner  Edward  L 
167   Hirschfeld    Edward 

"      McDonald  Lottie  Mrs 

"     Miner   Thomas 

Beaubien    (1033)    intersects. 

175  Williams    Wm 

176  Rowe    Harry 

177  Hopkins   Michael  B 
Johnson   Stanley 

its   Veale  Aubrey  W 

179  Allison    David 

"     McCredie   Ellen  S  Mrs 

180  Rasch    Oscar  E 

181  Winter  Louise  Mrs 

182  Mack  Wm  E 

185  McCredie   Ellen   S   Mrs 

186  Malcolm  T  Walker  Rev 

187  Vacant 

188  Friedman    George   L 

189  Berman    Frank 

192  Freyse   Wm    F 

193  Horwitz    Marks 

194  Bauslaugh    Frederick    H 
"      Bauslaugh    Harry    E 

196   Brown    Walter 

198  Fink   Morris   L 

199  Buedlngen    Wm 

200  'Marx    Arthur 

201  -Dunm    Earl 

202  Schram    Harry 
"      Molin    Samuel 

204  Bruce   David 

205  Wesolowskl    Peter    J 

215  Trim    Norman   B 

216  Wilson    Walter   J   jr 

217  Ettenheimer   Raymond   E 
St   Antoine    (1000)    intersects 
223   Thompson    Mary    M    Mrs 
225   Weinstein    Samuel 

227    Lipson   Harry 

229   Goldman    Wilfred    L 

231   Moskowitz    Wm    M 

235   Kolarik    Mary    Mrs 

£36   Kraizinger    Phoebe    Mrs 

238  Krawitz    Hyman 

239  Pesick    Frank    J 

24  2   Stoddard    Benjamin    J 

243  Russell    Samuel    H 

244  Harris    George    R 

246   Rieard    Ma,rtha    C    Mrs 
248   Kinnisten    Edward    J 
250    N'old    Edward 
252   Meurer   John    J 

254  Malsbury    C'assius    M 

256  Bowie    George    W 

257  Wright    B    Frank 

255  Durand    Joseph 

260   Goebel    Charlotte    Mrs 
"     Goebel    Pauline,    dresmkr 


Consult  the  specimen  page  of  street  and  avenue  guide  from 
the  Detroit  City  Directory  under  Theodore  Street,  and  tell  where 
it  begins  and  where  it  ends.  It  is  paved  to  what  street,  and  with 
what  kind  of  pavement?  Notice  that  the  numbers  of  the  houses 
are  arranged  in  order,  each  one  followed  by  the  name  of  the 
resident.  Between  numbers  123  and  152  what  street  intersects,  and 
at  what  number  of  the  intersecting  street?  204  Theodore  street 
would  be  nearest  to  what  cross  street? 

Name  the  streets  which  intersect  Tenth  Street.  Does  any  one 
live  at  129  Thaddens  Street? 

In  what  part  of  city  directories  is  the  street  and  avenue  guide 
usually  entered? 


PROBLEMS  ON  THE  USE  OF  CERTAIN 
CITY  PUBLICATIONS. 

Answer  all  general  questions  with  reference  to  the  books 
listed.  Look  up  the  information  for  the  example  mentioned,  if 
the  books  are  available;  if  not,  and  old  editions  or  other  books 
are  convenient,  use  them,  for  the  same  or  similar  problems,  always 
giving  the  date  or  edition  if  it  affects  the  value  of  the  information. 

Numbers  refer  to  books  listed,  to  serve  as  a  guide  if  material 
is  not  familiar. 

1.  A  report  of  the  work  and  expense  of  any  department  of  a 
city  government  along  any  of  the  following  lines  could  probably  be 
found  by  consulting  what  reports? 

a.  Number  and  cause  of  fires?     2:b. 

b.  Number  and  cause  of  arrests.     2:f. 

c.  Cost  of  lighting  the  city.     2:a. 

d.  Number  of  teachers  employed  in  the  city.     2:c. 

e.  Expense  of  sustaining  the  parks  of  the  city:     2:i. 

f.  Number  of  books  in  the  Public  Library.     2:h. 

g.  Number  of  cases  of  contagious  diseases.     2:d. 
h.     Amount  of  water  used  by  the  city.     2:e. 

2.  The  location  of  any  school  in  a  city  could  be  found  by 
using  a  city  directory  under  what  index  arrangement?     4:d;2. 

3.  Aldermen  and  mayor  of  any  city  could  be  found  where?  and 
under  what  index  arrangement?     4:d;l. 

4.  The  number  of  grocers  or  tailors,  or  any  business  in  a 
city,  could  be  found  where?  and  under  what  index  arrangement? 
4:c. 

159 


5.  Examine  any  city  report  which  may  be  available  and  explain 
the  character  and  arrangement  of  the  information  given,  and  give 
some  one  point  in  detail  as  an  illustration. 

6.  Examine  a  city  directory  and  explain  the  arrangement  of 
material,  giving  some  one  point  in  detail  as  an  illustration. 

7.  What  journal  indexes  subjects  pertaining  to  city  prob- 
lems?    l:b. 

8.  (Optional,  but  one  of  the  most  valuable  exercises  under 
each  group.) 

As  this  work  is  intended  for  a  drill  in  the  arrangement  oi 
reference  material,  and  not  for  exact  information,  make  an  inde- 
pendent analysis  of  some  available  book  pertaining  to  the  subject, 
and  form  one  or  two  individual  reference  problems. 


160 


REFERENCE  PROBLEMS 
FOLLOWED  BY  A  NUMBERED  KEY. 

The  object  of  these  problems  is  to  emphasize  the  fact  that 
information  for  different  needs  is  usually  classified.  It  is  more 
important  in  a  drill  of  this  nature  to  be  able  to  name  quickly  the 
book  in  which  the  point  suggested  could  be  found  than  it  is  to 
find  the  information  itself. 

A  Key,  indicating  a  few  books  in  which  the  information  could 
be  found,  follows  the  list  of  problems  and  is  numbered  to  corre- 
spond with  them,  thus  serving  as  a  guide  if  the  material  is 
unfamiliar  or  if  time  is  closely  limited. 

Do  not  use  the  Key  unless  it  is  necessary,  and  do  not  think 
that  the  information  is  confined  to  the  books  suggested  only, 
as  often  the  same  information  can  be  found  in  too  many  different 
books  to  make  it  profitable  to  list  them  all.  This  is  especially  the 
case  with  information  of  a  nature  to  be  found  in  general  encyclo- 
paedias or  in  a  variety  of  year-books. 

1.  Guides  to  many  magazine  articles  by  author  or  subject  since 
1900. 

e.g.-         Any  article  by  Brander  Matthews,  or  any  article  on 
Easter,  in  leading  magazines  since  the  above   date. 

2.  Meaning  of  prominent  phrases  in  foreign  languages. 

e.g.-         Sine  qua  non. 
A  piacere. 

3.  List  of  all  books  published  in  the  United  States  on  any  subject, 
giving  publisher  and  price. 

e.g.-        Books  on  debates,  or  holidays,  or  algebra,  or  games. 

4.  Officers  of  prominent  societies. 

e.g.-  a.    Secretary  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor. 

b.    President    of    the    Federation    of    Women's    Clubs 
(National). 

5.  Members  of  United  States  Congress. 

e.g.-        A  Senator  from  Texas;  a  Representative  from  Ohio. 

6.  Brief  mention  of  prominent  standard  works  of  literature. 

e.g.-        Samson  Agonistes. 

7.  Cities  that  have  the  commission  form  of  government. 

e.g.-        Which    state   has    the    largest   number   of   cities    so 
governed? 

Find    five    cities    so    governed.      How    is    the    list 
arranged  in   the  books   consulted? 


161 


8.  Books  published  during  the  past  year. 

e.g.-  a.    A  complete  list. 

b.  A  partiai  list. 

c.  A  selected  list  for  libraries;   classified. 

d.  Selected  reviews. 

9.  List  of  past  rulers  of  different  countries. 

e.g.-  a.    First  king  of  the  House  of  Bourbon  in  France. 

b.  Last  ruler  of  the  House  of  Lancaster  in  England. 

c.  Ruler  of  China  in   1664. 

10.  Farmers'  bulletins  of  the  United  States  government  are  indexed 
where? 

e.g.-         Bulletins  on  cucumbers  or  eggs. 

11.  Historical    maps — drawn    to    reveal    changes    of    national    pos- 
sessions at  different  stages. 

e.g.-         The   Empire  of  Alexander  the   Great   (Macedonian) 
at  its  largest  extent. 

12.  Legal    holidays. 

e.g.-         Is   Arbor  Day  a  legal  holiday  in  all  of  the   states? 

13.  Illustrations   of   common   things. 

e.g.-         A  horse,  or  a  printing  press,  or  a  castle. 

14.  List  of  vice-presidents  of  the  United  States. 

e.g.-         Vice-president    during    Van    Buren's    administration; 
1837-1841. 

15.  List  of  presidents  of  the  United  States. 

e.g.-         President  in  1832. 

16.  Prices  of  most  of  the  popular  magazines. 

e.g.-  a.    Publisher's  price  of  the  North   American   Review, 
b.    An   agency,   giving   reduced   prices. 

17.  Progress   of  the  year. 

A.  In  arts   or  sciences: 

e.g.-         Any  event  of  the  year  under  one  of  the  following 
heads: 

a.  Astronomy. 

b.  Drama. 

c.  Engineering. 

d.  Music. 

e.  Medicine. 

f.  Philosophy. 

g.  Labor. 

B.  Events  in  individual  countries. 

e.g.-         Spain,  or  Brazil,  or  China. 

162 


18.  Index  to  a  work  in  more  than  one  volume. 

e.g.-  a.    Usually  found  where? 

b.  Name    ways    of    sub-arranging    entries    in    indexes. 

c.  Ways  of  indicating  important  pages,  such  as  by  a 
star,  a  dash,  or  heavy  type. 

d.  Abbreviations  used  in  indexes,  especially  ib.  (or 
ibid);  sq.  or  seq;  passim;  ff.  or  f. 

e.  The  difference  between  the  arrangement  of  an  index 
and  that  of  a  Table  of  contents. 

f.  Name  several  different  kinds  of  indexes,  such  as 
author,  first  line,  etc.,  especially  in  collections  of 
poems. 

19.  History,  equipment,  financial  standing,  and  many  other  items 
regarding  any  railroad  in   the   United  States. 

e.g.-  a.    Number  of  miles  of  road  operated  by  the  Missouri, 
Kansas  &  Texas  R.   R.  Co. 
b.    Number  of  tons  of  freight   carried  on  it  last  year. 

20.  Under  what  United  States  commission  has  a  course  for  home 
study  been  outlined,  and  how  should  inquiries  be  addressed? 

21.  Mayors   of  Cities. 

e.g.-  a.    Mayor  of  Cincinnati  in  1876. 
b.    Present  mayor  of  Cincinnati. 

22.  Common  expressions. 

e.g.-        Inference  from  a  reference  to  "Joe   Miller."   (under 
Joe). 

23.  Perpetual  calendar:  making  it  possible  to  find  on  what  day  in 
the  week  an  event  occurred  if  the  day  of  the  month  and  the 
year  are  known. 

e.g.-         The  Declaration  of  Independence  was  signed  July  4, 
1776.     On  what  day  in  the  week  did  it  occur? 

24.  Business  equipment,  directors,  history,  of  any  firm  in  the 
United  States  operating  industrial  interests. 

e.g.-  a.    Date  of  incorporation  of  the  Atlas  Portland  Cement 
Company, 
b.    President  of  same. 

25    Record  of  the  past  year's  events  in  calendar  order. 

e.g.-  a.    Any  event  which  happened  in  February  of  last  year. 
b.    Any  prominent  person  who  died  last  year. 

163 


26.  Examine  condensed  tables  of  styles  of  architecture  for  differ- 
ent periods  of  the  world  in  the  latest  Standard  and  Webster 
dictionaries    (under  architecture). 

e.g.-  a.    Name    one    of   the    main    characteristics    of    ancient 
Egyptian  architecture, 
b.    Compare  the  arrangement  of  the  tables  in  the  two 
dictionaries. 

27.  List  of  counties  in  any  state. 

e.g.-        A  county  in  Maine,  or  Indiana,  or  Oregon. 

28.  Cabinet  officers  of  past  administrations. 

e.g.-         Head  (secretary)  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior 
in  Johnson's  administration,  1865-69. 

29.  Local  city  expenses. 

e.g.-         Cost  to  any  local  city  for  operating  its  schools  last 
year,   or  its   parks. 

30.  Statistics  prepared  by  the  United  States,  revised  yearly. 

e.g.-  a.    Number  of  telegrams   sent  by  the   Western   Union 
Telegraph   Company  last  year. 

b.  Number  of  establishments  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture  of  buttons. 

c.  Number  of  trunks  exported  from  the  United  States 
last    year. 

d.  Estimated  loss  by  fires  in  the  United  States  last 
year. 

e.  What  state  in  the  Union  had  the  greatest  number 
of  commercial  failures  last  year? 

31.  Coats  of  Arms  of  various  nations. 

e.g.-         What  is   the   central   figure   of  the    coat  of  arms   of 
Norway? 

32.  Dictionaries. 

a.  Name  the  three  leading  dictionaries. 

b.  Mention  several  reference  points  given  in  recent 
dictionaries  aside  from  the  meaning,  derivation,  etc., 
of   words. 

c.  Do  dictionaries  indicate  irregular  plurals?  (If  no 
plural  is  indicated  is  it  formed  by  adding  an  "s"  to 
singular?) 

33.  State    Constitution. 

Where  could  the  constitution  of  any  state  be  found? 

34.  Size  of  the  armies  and  navies  of  the  world. 

e.g.-         Number  of  ships  in  the  United  States   Navy. 

164 


35.  How  to  find  popular  poems  in  books  of  selections  when  only 
the  first  line,  the  title  or  the  author  is  known. 

e.g.-  a.    Author  and  title   of  poem  beginning  with,   "  'Twas 
the  night  before  Christmas." 
b.    Name  two  collections  in  which  it  could  be  found. 

36.  Describe  the  World  almanac  as  fully  as  possible. 

e.g.-        Consult  the  index  and  name   one  item   under   each 
letter. 

37.  Mythological    stories    which    have    been    treated    in    art    and 
literature. 

e.g.-        A    poem    and    a    painting    embodying    allusions    to 
Orpheus. 

38.  Reformed  spelling. 

e.g.-  a.    Reformed  spelling  for  philosophy,   debt,   doubt. 

b.    "Tung"  is  the  reformed  spelling  for  "tongue."     Is 
it  a  recent  form  or  an  old  form  revised? 

39.  Abbreviations. 

e.g.-        Meaning   of  q.  v.;       op.  cit.;       R.  S.  V.  P.,       F.  R.  S. 

40.  Indebtedness  of  nations  and  cities. 

e.g.-  a.    Debt  of  Pittsburgh, 
b.    Of  Brazil. 

41.  A  yearly  record  of  sports. 

e.g.-        Base  ball  records  for  the  past  year. 

42.  Common  phrases. 

e.g.-  a.    "Rob  Peter  to  pay  Paul." 

b.  "Rain  cats  and  dogs." 

c.  "Pig  in  a  poke." 

43.  Varieties  of  fruits;  tabulated. 

e.g.-        Name  three  varieties  of  plums,  or  oranges  not  pre- 
viously known. 

44.  Schools  in  the  United  States  for  special  needs. 

e.g.-  a.    Schools  for  the  deaf. 

b.  Library  schools. 

c.  Agricultural  schools. 

45.  Symbolic  meaning  of  certain  flowers. 

e.g.-        The  wild  rose. 

46.  Where  can  a  copy  of  the  United  States  Constitution  be  found? 

The  constitution  of  any  modern  nation  can  be  found 
in  Dodd,  Modern  Constitutions,  2  vols.  Chicago 
University   Press. 

165 


47.  Suggestions  for  special  day  celebrations. 

e.g.-  a.    A  program  for  Dickens'  birthday. 
b.    Arbor   day. 

48.  Commercial  interests  of  different  nations. 

e.g.-        Amount  of  coffee  imported  into  United  States   last 
year. 

49.  Kind  of  money  used  in  foreign  countries,  and  its  equivalent 
in  American  money. 

e.g.-        Coin  in  Russia  which  approximates  our  quarter. 

50.  Index  to  current  scattered  articles  on  public  affairs. 

e.g.-        Articles  on  juvenile  courts. 

51.  Copy  of,  and  signers  of,  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

52.  Genealogies: 

a.  American  families. 

b.  English  and  of  Scotch  families. 

c.  Royal   families   of   England   or    France. 

d.  Mythological   characters   in   classical  mythology. 

53.  Names  of  firms  engaged  in  certain  kinds  of  manufacturing. 

e.g.-        A  firm  engaged  in  manufacturing  brushes.     (Name 
kind    of  brush.) 

54.  Postal   information. 

e.g.-         Parcel  post  rates   for  books. 

55.  Historical  events  which  happened  on  certain  days  of  the  year. 

e.g.    An  event  which  happened  July  4th  in  1754;  1789;  1804; 
1876. 

56.  Statistics  of  the  religions  of  the  world. 

e.g.-  a.    Number   of    Mohammedans   at   the    present   time   in 
the  world, 
b.    The  strongest  religious  denomination  in  the  United 
States. 

57.  Prominent  people  of  the  United  States,  arranged  by  locality. 

e.g.-        Two  prominent  men  of  Phoenix,  Arizona. 

58.  Name  an  association  whose  aims  it  is  to  give,  "The  best  books 
to  the  most  people  at  the  least  cost."  What  abbreviation  is 
usually  given  to  it? 

59.  Biographical  references   for  important  persons. 

e.g.-        Charles  Darwin,  or  Sir  Isaac  Newton. 

a.  Brief — Dictionaries;  (Dates  only  in  Webster). 

b.  Encyclopaedias. 

c.  Biographical   dictionary. 

d.  Individual. 

166 


60.  Mining  activities  of  the  past  year. 

e.g.-        How  much  gold,  silver  or  coal  was  mined  last  year? 

61.  Condensed  report  of  the  United  States  census  by  charts. 

e.g.-  a.    Which  state  has  the  largest  investment  in  the  con- 
fectionery industry?     Which  the  smallest? 
b.    In  what  part  of  Florida  has  the  population  decreased 
most  rapidly  for  the  census  period  1900-1910? 

62.  Condensed  reports  of  the  last  United  States  census,  by  figures. 

e.g.-  a.    According   to   the    1910    census,    how    much   money 
was  invested  in  the  manufacture  of  soap? 

b.  What    reason    is    given    for    the    report    of    a   larger 
number  of  esatblishments  in  1899  than  in  1909? 

c.  How  many  people  are  engaged  in  the  United  States 
in  the  manufacture  of  writing  ink?     Of  printing  ink? 

63.  Yearly  summary  of  action  of  State  Legislatures  on  important 
subjects. 

e.g.-  a.    By  subject;   has   any   state   taken   important   legisla- 
tive action  on  factories  or  education  during  the  past 
year? 
b.    By  state;   did   Idaho   take  any  important  legislative 
action  last  year,  and  on  what  subjects? 

64.  History,  equipment,  directors,  financial  standing,  and  many 
other  items  regarding  any  important  company  in  the  United 
States  operating  public  utilities. 

e.g.-  a.  The  total  reservoir  capacity  of  the  Denver  Union 
Water  Company, 
b.  Number  of  passengers  who  rode  on  the  Detroit 
United  Railway  last  year.  (For  b.  see  also  McGraw 
Electric  Railway  Manual,  McGraw  Publishing  Co., 
N.   Y.) 

65.  Selected  books  for  libraries. 

e.g.-  a.    Name   two   or   three   good   lists   of  books   for   high 
school  libraries. 

b.  Graded  lists  for  children. 

c.  Recommended  lists  for  public  libraries. 

66.  Flags  of  different  nations. 

e.g.-        What  is  the  central  figure  in  the  flag  of  Persia? 

67.  Signal  flags. 

e.g.-  a.    What  is  the  color  of  the  flag  for  the  letter  "Q"  in 
international    signal    code? 
b.    What  is  the  color  of  the  weather  flag  for  rain  or 
snow? 

167 


68.  Topography  of  a  country. 

e.g.-        A  feature  regarding  the  land  of  Spain. 

69.  City  maps. 

e.g.-        Where  could  an  outline  map  of  Cleveland  be  found? 

70.  Current  events  as  recorded  in  newspapers. 

e.g.-         Large  bequests  (gifts)   during  the  past  few  months. 

71.  Chronological  outlines   of  European   and  American  literature. 

e.g.-        A    prominent    writer    of    history    in    France,    Great 
Britain,  and  America  during  the  nineteenth  century. 

72.  Governors  of  states. 

e.g.-  a.    Governor  of  Texas  preceding  the  present  one. 

b.  Where  was  he  educated?   What  is  his  home  address? 

c.  Complete  list  of  Texas  governors. 

d.  Salary  of  Texas  governor. 

73.  A  United  States  copyright  can  be   secured  how? 

74.  Report  of  industrial  education  in  United  States. 

e.g.-        Are    there   any   schools   in    Cleveland,    Ohio,    giving 
industrial  education? 

75.  Consuls  or  Ministers  in  relation  to  foreign  countries. 

e.g.-  a.    United  States  consul  to  Bolivia. 

b.    Consul  from  Sweden  to  the   United  States. 

76.  Trolley  lines  which  run  through  towns  in  the   United  States. 

e.g.-         A  trolley  which  runs  through  Toledo,  Ohio. 

77.  County   officers. 

e.g.-         Commissioner  of  education  or  of  roads  in  Mecostca 
County,   Michigan. 

78.  Prominent  institutions   supported  by  the   State. 

e.g.-         Has  Alabama  a  school  for  the  blind? 

79.  An  index  to  state  publications. 

e.g.-         State   publications   on  birds,   or   factories,   or   music, 
or  milk,  or  flies. 

80.  An  idea  of  the  general  outline  of  the  subject  treated  in  a  book 
can  usually  be  found  by  consulting  what  part  of  it? 

81.  Antonyms.     (Words  opposed  in  meaning.) 

e.g.-         Antonym   for  array. 

82.  Detailed  points  of  population  in  the  United  States. 

e.g.-  a.    Number  of  babies  under  one  year  of  age  in  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  at  the  last  United  States  Census, 
b.    Number  of  persons  in  the  United  States  100  years  of 
age  or  over;  number  between  20  and  24. 

168 


83.  Order  of  precedence  in  British  State  Affairs. 

e.g.-  What  official  follows  the  king  and  queen  in  State 
ceremonies? 

84.  Magazine  index  confined  to  articles  on  industrial  subjects. 

e.g.-        Carpentry  or  chemistry. 

85.  Population  of  prominent  cities  in  the  world,  revised  yearly. 

e.g.-  The  population  of  the  tenth  largest  city  in  the  United 
States. 

86.  Largest  publishing  house  in  the  world. 

e.g.-  a.    What  book  has  the  largest  issue  of  any  book  pub- 
lished  of  its   size? 
b.    Where  are  articles  in  this  book  indexed  separately? 

87.  Present  members  of  the  President's  Cabinet. 

e.g.-        The  Secretary  of  Commerce. 

88.  Prominent  characters  in  standard  fiction. 

e.g.-        In  what  work  of  literature  does  "Cordelia"  appear? 

89.  Address  of  publishers. 

e.g.-        E.  P.  Dutton,  Publisher  of  "Everyman's  Library." 

90.  State  flowers. 

e.g.-        The  state  flower  for  Arkansas. 

91.  Length  of  any  important  river  in  the  world. 

e.g.-        The   Danube  River. 

92.  An  atlas  is  usually  indexed  under  what  plan  of  cross-reference? 

e.g.-  Guide  numbers  for  the  location  of  the  Falkland 
Islands  in  the  index  to  the  Century  atlas  (or  any 
other  atlas). 

93.  Colonies  and  colonial  possessions  of  different  nations. 

e.g.-         The  colonies  of  Spain. 

94.  What   is   the   most   exhaustive   language   dictionary    ever  pre- 
pared? 

95.  Debates. 

e.g.-         Guide  to  material  for  a  debate  on  socialism  or  some 
other  important  question  of  public  affairs. 

96.  Library  classification. 

e.g.-  a.  What  is  the  plan  on  which  the  majority  of  libraries 
in  the  United  States  are  classified? 

b.  A  book  classified  under  "821"  would  be  a  book  of 
what?  If  it  were  a  copy  of  Burns'  poems,  what 
would   follow  the   821? 

c.  Name  the  ten  main  divisions  of  the  decimal  classifi- 
cation. 

d.  What  does  4  stand  for,  if  feasible,  when  related  to  a 
subject? 

169 


97.  A  handbook  giving  brief  summaries  of  important  persons, 
allusions,  periods,  etc.,  arranged  mainly  under  the  decimal 
classification. 

e.g.-  A  brief  summary  of  the  development  of  law;  import- 
ant jurists  of  the  world;  form  for  a  will. 

98.  The  editor,  price,  circulation,  and  other  items  regarding  any 
paper  or  magazine  published  in  the  United  States. 

e.g.-  a.    The   price   of  the   Chicago   Tribune;   its   editor;   its 
circulation, 
b.    Editor  of  the  Century  magazine. 

99.  Magazine  articles  on  a  dramatic  subject. 

e.g.-     Articles   on   the  plays  of  Synge. 

100.  Shakespeare  quotations  cited. 

e.g.-  How  could  the  play,  act,  scene  and  line  be  found  for 
the  following:  "You  shall  perceive  how  you  mistake 
my  fortunes;  I  am  wealthy  in  my  friends." 

101.  Index  to  novels,  giving  a  brief  statement  of  their  general  trend. 

e.g.-  a.    Novel  on  the  time  of  Charles  II.,  of  England, 
b.    Novel   dealing  with   politics,   or  finance,   or  law. 

102.  Animals  native  to  a  country. 

e.g.-         Animals  native  to  Peru. 

103.  Authors  of  familiar  quotations. 

e.g.-         "Give  me  liberty  or  give  me  death." 

"Some  books  are  to  be  tasted,  others  to  be  swal- 
lowed, and  some  few  to  be  chewed  and  digested." 
"All  hope  abandon,  ye  who  enter  here." 

104.  Origin    of   hymns. 

e.g.-         "Nearer  my  God  to  Thee." 

105.  List  of  books  which  a  library  contains   arranged  by  author, 
subject  or  title. 

e.g.-  a.  Has  your  local  library  a  copy  of  Chas.  F.  Richard- 
son, "Choice  of  books"? 

b.  Has  it  other  books  on  the  subject  of  reading? 

c.  Has   it   a   copy   of   a    book   entitled,    "Conspiracy   of 
Pontiac"? 

d.  In    what    part    of    the    card    is    the    "call    number" 
entered? 

106.  Exhaustive  index  to  United  States  Government  Publications. 

e.g.-  Reference  to  some  government  publication  on  pota- 
toes, or  birds,  or  Alaska. 

170 


107.  List    of    prominent    universities    and    colleges    in    the    United 
States,  with  their  location,  presidents  and  number  of  students. 

e.g.-  a.    President  of  Harvard  University. 

b.  Number  of  students. 

c.  Number  of  volumes  in  the  library. 

108.  Index  to  short  stories. 

e.g.-  a.    In   what    collection   of    short   stories    does   the    one 
entitled,   "Love   in    old   clothes"   came? 
b.    In  what  magazine  did  it  first  appear? 

109.  Describe,  as  fully  as  possible,  the  American  year-book;  read 
most  of  preface,  and  main  headings  in  Table  of  Contents. 

110.  Sources  for  bibliography. 

e.g.-  a.    Prohibition. 

b.    Queen   Elizabeth,  or  her  era. 

111.  Synopsis  of  important  works. 

e.g.-  a.    An  outline  of  Dickens'  "Old  curiority  shop." 

b.  Of  the  "Tempest"  by  Shakespeare. 

c.  Of  the  opera  "Rheingold"  by  Wagner. 

112.  Plain  on  which  the  Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature  is 
cumulated. 

e.g.-  How  many  months  are  included  in  the  February 
issue?  In  the  March  issue?  In  the  April  issue? 
In  the  May?  In  the  June?  In  the  July?  In  the 
August?  In  the  September?  In  the  October?  In 
the  November?  In  the  December? 
How  many  December  issues  constitute  a  large 
volume? 

How   many  volumes  have  been  published? 
With  what  year  does  volume  one  begin? 

113.  Index  to  magazine  articles  from  practically  1800-1900. 

e.g.-  a.    Is    this    index    arranged    under    author    as    well    as 
subject? 
b.    How  many  volumes   in   the  series? 

114.  Index  to  book  reviews. 

Examine  any  issue  and  give  for  any  book  mentioned, 
author,  title,  publisher.  Indicate  names  of  magazines 
reviewing  it  favorably.  (A  plus  sign  is  used  for  this 
purpose;  a  minus  sign  means  an  unfavorable  opin- 
ion.) 

115.  Hydrography  of  a  country. 

e.g.-         Features  of  lakes  and  rivers  in  Italy. 

171 


116.  Police  records. 

e.g.-  Number  of  arrests  in  any  local  city  and  the  cause 
of  each. 

117.  Biblical  quotations  cited: 

e.g.-  How  could  the  book,  chapter  and  verse  for  the 
following  be  found:  "Cast  they  bread  upon  the 
waters;   for  thou  shalt  find  it  after   many   days." 

118.  Condensed   immigration  reports. 

e.g.-  a.    Immigration  by  periods  in  condensed  form. 

b.  Immigration   yearly. 

c.  Immigration  in  census  reports. 

119.  City  directory. 

e.g.-  a.  Number  of  lawyers  or  grocers,  or  physicians  in  any 
local   city. 

b.  Between  what  streets  an   address   comes. 

c.  Location  of  any  church  in  a  local  city. 

d.  Members  of  the  park  commission. 

120.  Which  encyclopaedia  indexes  all  places  on  all  of  its  maps? 

121.  Location  and   name   of  firms   engaged   in   the    manufacture   of 
certain  products. 

e.g.-  a.    Names   of   two   firms    manufacturing   dog    collars    in 
the  United  States, 
b.    Which    index    sub-arranges    manufacturers    of    dog 
collars  alphabetically  by   name   of  firm?      Which    by 
state,   town    and    firm? 

122.  St.  Nicholas  magazine  is  indexed  where? 

123.  National    Educational    Association    proceedings    are    indexed 
separately  by  author,  where? 

124.  Safety  of  investments. 

e.g.-  Is  investment  safe  in:  Montana  Power  Co.;  Pacific 
Gas    &   Electric   Co.? 

125.  Great  leaders  in  different  lines  of  the  world's  work. 

e.g.-  A  list  of  prominent  musicians  or  lawyers  of  the  past 
can  be  found  where? 

126.  Popular   trade   names. 

e.g.-  A  general  estimate  of  the  number  of  firms  in  the 
United  States  whose  names  begin  with  "National," 
or  "Eureka,"  or  "Acme." 

127.  Pensions. 

e.g.-  Total  amount  spent  by  the  United  States  govern- 
ment for  pensions. 

172 


128.  Price  lists  of  the  publications  for  sale  of  the  United  States 
government. 

e.g.-        A  list  of  publications  on  food. 

129.  Inspection  of  labor  conditions  in  different  states. 

e.g.-  One  or  two  orders  issued  to  factories  in  Michigan 
for  greater  safety. 

130.  Significance  of  many  Christian  names. 

e.g.-  Agnes,  or  that  of  any  individual  whose  Christian 
name  has  a  special  significance. 

131.  Quotations. 

e.g.-  a.    By  subjects:  birthdays,  or  flowers,  or  patriotism, 
b.    By  author:  Milton,  or  Pope,  or  Tennyson. 

132.  Authors  of  books  when  only  title  is  known. 

e.g.-        Author  of  Pelham,  or  the  adventures  of  a  gentleman. 

133.  Weights  and  measures. 

e.g.-  Explain  the  arrangement  of  the  tables  in  both  the 
New  Standard  and  the  Webster  New  International 
dictionaries,   under   "weight"   and   under   "measure." 

134.  Superintendents  of  city  schools. 

e.g.-        The  superintendent  of  schools  in  Columbus,  Ohio. 

135.  What  is  the  purpose  of  a  preface  to  a  book? 

e.g.-  Read,  if  available,  the  last  paragraph  of  the  preface 
to  Hoyt,  Cyclopaedia  of  quotations,  and  tell  whether 
Biblical  quotations  are  included  or  excluded,  and  the 
reason. 

136.  Duties  of  the  departments  of  the  United  States  government. 

e.g.-  Name  a  duty  of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation  under  the 
Department  of  Commerce. 

137.  Speeches  and  actions  of  the  United  States  Congress  are 
preserved  in  what  official  publication?  How  frequently  is 
it  issued? 

e.g.-  a.  Speech  by  Richard  Hobson  on  Liquor  Traffic  in 
63d  Congress,  2d  Session. 

b.    Some    action    or    remark    during    same    session    on 
woman  suffrage. 

138.  If  an  index  contains  any  special  features  of  its  own,  where 
would  a  note  explaining  them  probably  be  entered? 

139.  Rulers  of  different  countries  of  the  world,  revised  yearly. 

e.g.-        The  present  president  of  China. 

140.  Printed  cards  for  a  card  catalogue  can  be  secured  where? 

173 


141.  Routes  in  the  United  States  of  prominent  transportation  lines. 

e.g.-  a.    Railroads:    One  passing  through  Portland,  Maine. 

b.  Steamship  companies:    for  same  point. 

c.  Trolley  lines:    for  same  point. 

142.  Officials  in  prominent  state  positions. 

e.g.-        Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  Montana. 

143.  State  seals. 

e.g.-        Seal  of  the  state  of  Wisconsin. 

144.  Symbols  for  orders  of  Knighthood. 

e.g.-  a.  Symbol  for  English  order  of  St.  Michael  and  St. 
George. 

b.  Which  dictionary  gives  the  mottoes  also? 

c.  Where  can  the  translation  of  the  mottoes  be  found? 

145.  College  colors. 

e.g.-         College  colors  for  Yale. 

146.  Index  to  portraits  in  scattered  publications. 

a.  Before  1895;     e.g.,  Thackeray. 

b.  After  1900;     e.g.,  Jane  Addams. 

147.  Present  address  of  prominent  living  people. 

e.g.-         The  present  address  of  Paderewski. 

Of  Dr.  Robert  Bridges,  poet  laureate  of  England. 

148.  Articles  and  stories  appearing  in  serial  form  in  magazines. 

e.g.-  "Up  from  slavery,"  by  Booker  T.  Washington, 
appeared  in  the  Outlook  in  1900-1901.  The  volumes 
and  pages  can  be  found  how? 

How  could  the  publisher  and  price  of  the  book  in 
bound  form  be  obtained? 

149.    The  following  words  are  commonly  used  in  reference  work. 
The  meaning  of  each  one  should  be  known. 

addendum    (addenda')  cross    reference  homonym 

anon    (abbreviation)  edition  de  luxe  hydrography 

anonym  epitome  ibid    (ib.) 

annotation  etymology  necrology 

antonym    (synonym)  excerpt  passim 

appendix  facsimile  pseudonym 

bibliography  fauna  quod  vide  (q.  v.) 

commentary  flora  synopsis 

concordance  gazetteer  topography 


174 


150.    Name   good   guides   or   indexes    for   the   following   purposes. 

a.  Index  to  United  States  government  publications. 

b.  Biographical  dictionary. 

c.  Newspaper  annuals;  English  annuals. 

d.  Encyclopaedia  for  young  people. 

e.  General  atlases;  historical  atlas;  classical  atlas; 
literary  atlas. 

f.  Biographical  annuals. 

g.  Gazetteer 

h.    Index  to  novels. 

i.     Catalogue  of  books  in  print. 

j.     Guides  to  business  firms  in  the  United  States. 

a.  Arranged  under  the  name  of  the  firm. 

b.  Arranged   under   the   name   of   the   business, 
k.    Index  to  portraits. 

1.     Indexes  to  magazine  articles. 

m.  Guide  to  investments. 

n.    Index  to  state  publications. 

o.    Dictionary  ot  proper  names. 

p.    Concordances. 

q.    Encyclopaedia  annual. 

r.  Abstract  of  statistics  published  yearly  by  the  United 
States  government. 

s.    Classical    dictionary. 

t.     Index  to  articles  on  current  public  affairs. 

u.  Annual  published  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
of  the  United  States  government. 

v.  Index  to  newspapers  and  magazines  published  in 
United   States. 

w.  Index  to  books  in  the  local  library. 

x.  Special  encyclopaedias:  pertaining  to;  government; 
music;  education;  social  reform;  agriculture. 

y.    Guides  to  dates. 

z.  Guide  to  the  correct  spelling,  pronunciation,  deriva- 
tion and  use  of  all  words  in  the  English  language; 
to  common  phrases;  classical  phrases;  important 
proper  nouns;  abbreviations,  and  many  other  items. 


175 


KEY  TO  THE  PRECEDING  PROBLEMS. 

The  information  can  often  be  found  in  books  other  than  those 
listed  either  here  or  in  groups. 

1.  Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature. 

2.  Dictionaries. 

3.  United  States  catalogue   of  books   in  print  and  supplements. 

4.  a.  and  b.     World  almanac  (under  name  of  society  in  index  at 

front.)      (Try  other  almanacs.) 
Educational  directory.     (United  States  Bureau  of  Education.) 

5.  American  year-book,  index  under  Congress. 
Congressional   directory:    alphabetical   contents   at   front. 
Most  state  manuals. 

World  almanac.      (Try   other   almanacs.) 

New  interantional  year-book;   under  United  States. 

6.  Brewer,  Reader's  handbook. 

Warner,  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature;  in  synopses, 
preceding  index  to  set. 

New  international  encyclopaedia;  enters  many  titles  to  import- 
ant works,  characters  in  fiction,  etc. 

Americana  encyclopaedia;  enters  many  titles  to  important 
works,  characters  in  fiction,  etc. 

Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  use  of  index  necessary. 

Century,  cyclopaedia  of  names. 

7.  American  year-book;  index  under  commission. 
New  international  year-book;   under  municipal. 

World  almanac;  index  under  commission.  (Try  other 
almanacs.) 

8.  a.    Cumulative   book   index.      (See   also    Library   of    Congress 

list  of  copyright  books.) 

b.  American  year-book;  index,  literature. 
New  international  year-book;  literature. 
World  almanac;  index,  books. 

c.  A.  L.  A.  Book  list. 

d.  Book  review   digest. 

9.  a.,   b.    and   c.      Harper,    Book   of   facts,    end   of   article.      (See 

also  Haydn,  Dictionary  of  dates.) 
Little,  Cyclopaedia  of  dates;  index. 
Reference  history  edition  of  Webster's  New  international 

dictionary;  index. 

10.    Document  catalogue. 

Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature. 

176 


11.  Century  atlas;  front. 

Shepherd  atlas;   contents,   Macedonian  empire. 
Everyman,    Literary  and  historical  atlas  of  Europe. 

(Macedonian.) 
Dow,  Atlas  of  European  history;   contents,  Greek  world. 
Cram:    Atlas;  at  the  back. 

12.  World  almanac.     (Try  other  almanacs.) 
Standard    dictionary;   under   holidays. 

13.  Dictionaries  contain  numerous  illustrations. 

14.  World  almanac.     (Try  other  annuals.) 

Statesman's    year-book;    index,    United    States.      (Note    sub- 
alphabetizing  of  index.) 
Century  dictionary,  Vol.  XI;  back. 
Many  state  manuals. 

15.  Same    as    number   14;    add    New    Standard    Dictionary;    under 

president;  back  of  Webster's  New  international  dictionary. 

16.  a.    Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature;   list  at  the  front, 
b.    Grumiaux — Leroy,  N.  Y. 

Hanson — Bennett,  223  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago. 

Moore — Brockport,  N.  Y. 

McClurg — Chicago. 

McDonald,  Miss  Theo. — Detroit. 

H.  W.  Wilson  Co..  White  Plains,  N.  Y. 

17.  A.  a-g.    American  year-book,  index. 

New  international  year-book,   alphabetical. 
Britannica  year-book,  index. 
Hazell's  annual;  index,  at  front. 

World  almanac  and  other  almanacs  give  some  infor- 
mation  though  very  brief. 
B.  Same  as  A:  add  Statesman's  year-book,  index  under  county. 

18.  a.    At  the  back  of  the  last  volume. 

b.  Order  in  which  pages  come;  alphabetical  by  topic. 

c.  Also  f  or  ff.,  et  seq.  (sq.) 

d.  Meaning  given  in  dictionaries. 

e.  Index  is  alphabetical;   contents  is  in  order  of  material  in 
the  book. 

f.  Also  title,  subject. 

19.  a.    Poor's   rai'roads;    Moody,   investments,    railroads;    Manual 

of   statistics, 
b.    Same  as  a,  except  last. 

20.  United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  Washington,  D.  C. 

21.  a.    Harper,  Book  of  facts;  end  of  article, 
b.    World  almanac.     (Try  other  almanacs.) 

177 


Local  city  directory  frequently  gives  a  list  of  past  mayors; 
official  city  report  of  mayors,  sometimes  gives  complete 
list. 

22.  Dictionaries. 

New   international   encyclopaedia. 

Americana  encyclopaedia. 

Brewer;  Phrase  and  fable;  Brewer's  Reader's  handbook. 

23.  Dictionaries: 

Webster's   New  international  under  perpetual. 

New  Standard  under  calendar. 
Little,  Cyclopaedia  of  dates,  at  the  front. 
Whitaker  almanac;  index,  calendar. 

24.  a.  and  b.     Poor:    Industrials. 

Moody;  Industrials. 
Manual  of  statistics. 

25.  a.    World   almanac;   index,   "events."      (Try   other   almanacs.) 

Whitaker  almanac;  index,  "calendar." 
American  year-book;  index,  "chronology." 
b.    Some  books   enter  this  data  under  "necrology." 

26.  Explains  itself. 

27.  Rand   atlas;   back   of  each   state   map,   under   counties.      (Try 

other  atlases.) 
Lippincott's  Gazetteer. 
State  manuals. 

28.  Harper,  Book  of  facts,  under  United  States,  each  administra- 

tion. 

29.  City  annual  report  of  respective  boards. 

30.  a-e.    Statistical  abstract,   index  at  back,  under  subject. 

31.  Dictionaries.      (Encyclopaedias    give   selected   plates;    try   also 

heraldry.) 

32.  a.    New   Standard;   Webster's   New    international;    Century. 

b.  See  question  150,  Z. 

c.  Yes. 

33.  State  manual. 

34.  World  almanac.     (Try  other  almanacs.) 
HazelPs  annual;   index,  navy. 

Statesman's  year-book;  index,  United  States,  sub-alphabetized. 

35.  Granger,  index  to  poetry. 

a.  Under  index  to  first  lines. 

b.  Under  title  index,  referring  to  key  at  front  for  meaning  of 
initials  used. 

36.  Explains   itself. 

178 


37.  Gayley,  Classic  myth;  Text  and  also  paragraphs  in  the  com- 

mentary referred  to  by  "c"  or  "com."  in  index. 

38.  a.    New  Standard  Dictionary;  under  current  spelling. 

b.  Both  the  New  Standard  and  the  Webster  New  inter- 
national. (Standard  uses  a  dagger,  Webster,  "obs.,"  to 
indicate  obsolete  words.) 

39.  Dictionaries. 

A    limited   number    are    entered    in    encyclopaedias    under   the 
word  ''abbreviation." 

40.  a.    World  almanac,  index  cities.     (Try  other  almanacs.) 
b.    Same  as  a.;  also,  Statistical  abstract. 

Statesman's  Year-book;  index  Brazil,  sub-alphabet,  debt. 

41.  World    almanac;    index    under    either    baseball    or    sporting 

records.     (Try  other  almanacs.) 
New  international  year-book;  under  baseball. 

42.  Dictionaries. 

Brewer,  Phrase  and  fable. 

43.  New  Standard  Dictionary;  under  plum   or  orange. 

44.  a.,  b.,  c.     Educational  directory  of  Bureau  of  Education. 

Report    of   Commissioner   of    Education.        (Try   index   in 

each   volume.) 

(c,  also  in  United  States  Agricultural  year-book.) 

45.  New  Standard  Dictionary;  flowers. 

New  international  encyclopaedias;  flowers,  gives  a  few. 

46.  World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 
Cyclopaedia  of  American  government. 
New  Standard  Dictionary. 

State  manuals  of  most  states. 

47.  a.    Examine  books  listed  under  Group  5D,  especially   Hazel- 

tine,   Anniversaries   and   holidays,    and    McCurdy,    Bibliog- 
raphy of  holidays, 
b.    Same    as    a.;    add    Document    catalogue    and     Schauffler, 
Arbor  Day. 

48.  World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 
Statistical  abstract. 

Agricultural  year-book. 

Statesman's    Year-book;     index    under    United    States,     sub- 
alphabet  commerce. 

49.  International  year-book,     (coin.) 
Dictionaries;   coin. 

Statesman's    Year-book;    index   under   name    of    county,    sub- 
division, money. 
World  almanac.     Index  money.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 

179 


50.  Index  entitled,  "Public  affairs  information  service,"  published 

weekly  by  H.  W.  Wilson  Co.,  White  Plains,  N.  Y. 

51.  World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 
New   Standard   Dictionary. 

Most  state  manuals. 

52.  a.    Munsell;  Index  to  American  genealogies,  under  sur-name 

of  family. 

b.  Burke's  Peerage  or  Landed  gentry. 

c.  Pleotz,  Epitome  of  history. 

Century  dictionary,  volume  XI,  at  the  back. 

d.  Gayley,  Classic  myths,  at  the  back. 

53.  Hendricks,  Commercial  register  of  the  United  States.    Indexed 

by  article  at  the  front. 
Thomas,    Register   of   American   manufacturers.      Indexed   by 
article  at  the  front. 

54.  World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 

Map  of  zones  in  Rand's  Commercial  atlas,  at  front. 
(Covers  to   stamp   books  give  much   general  postal   informa- 
tion.) 

55.  New    Standard   Dictionary;    Literary   Digest   edition   only;   at 

the  back. 

56.  a.    World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 
b.    International  year-book,  under  religion. 

Statistical  abstract;   index  under  religion. 
American  year-book;  index  under  religion. 
Reference  under  a. 

57.  Who's   who   in   America;   geographical   appendix   at   the   back. 

58.  The  American  Library  Association.       (A.  L.  A.) 

59.  a,  b   and    c   explain   themselves. 

d.    End  of  articles  in  good  encyclopaedias. 
A.  L.  A.  catalogues. 

60.  World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 

New  international   year-book,  under  each   item. 
Whitaker  almanac,  index  at  front. 
Hazell's  annual,  index  at  front. 
American   j-ear-book,   index  at   back. 
Britannica  year-book,  index  at  back. 

61.  Statistical  atlas  of  the  United  States  census. 

a.  Index  to  illustrations  at  the  back,  under  confectionary. 

b.  Index  under  word,  "increase,"  sub-division  Florida. 

180 


62.  a  and  b.     Census  abstract,  index  at  the   back,  under  manu- 

facturers,   (industries)    second  page   reference;   items  sub- 
arranged    alphabetically.      After    soap,    a    small    superior 
number  calls  attention  to  a  footnote. 
c.    Follow  general  directions  for  "a"  above,  under  ink. 

63.  a  and  b.    American  year-book;  index,  under  subject  and  state. 
New  International  year-book. 

Legislation  on  educational  subjects  is  also  given  in  the  report 
of  the  Commissioner  of  Education;  (try  index  in  each 
volume). 

64.  a  and  b.    Poor's  Manual,  or  Moody's  Investments,  volume  for 

public  utilities;  index  at  front,  under  firm  name. 

65.  a.    List  published  by  United  States  Bureau  of  Education. 

Lists  prepared  by  Minnesota,  Oregon,  Wisconsin,   Michi- 
gan, and  other  State  Library  Commissions. 
Selections  from  the  A.  L.  A.  catalogues. 

b.  State  Library  Commission  lists  as  for  "a." 

Lists  used  as  a  basis  for  the  Wilson  Children's  catalogue, 
as  given  at  the  front  of  same. 

c.  A.  L.  A.  catalogues. 

66.  Dictionaries. 

67.  a  and  b.     Dictionaries. 

World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 

68.  Encyclopaedias:    sub-topic  "Topography." 
Gazetteers. 

69.  Encyclopaedias:    Americana,  New  international. 
Rand  McNally  atlases. 

Local  city  directory. 

70.  "Information,"  a  digest  of  current  events,  issued  monthly. 
"Street's  Pandex,"  a  digest  of  current  events;  issued  monthly. 
New  York  Times  index. 

London  Times   index. 

Public  affairs  information  service. 

71.  Century  dictionary,  volume  XI;  at  the  back. 

72.  a.    World  almanac  for  year  desired.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 

b.  Who's  who  in  America. 

c.  Harper,  Book  of  facts,  end  of  article. 

New  international  encyclopaedia,  end  of  article. 
State  manual. 

d.  World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 
American  year-book. 

New  international  year-book. 
State  manual. 

181 


73.  Dictionaries  and  encyclopaedias,  under  copyright. 
Cyclopaedia  of  American  government. 
Cyclopaedia  of  social  reform,  Bliss. 

World  almanac. 

74.  Report  of  Commissioner  of  Education,  index  in  each  volume. 

Follow  up   cross-references. 
Report  of  industrial  education  in  25th  report  of  United  States 

Labor  bureau. 
Report  of  local  Board  of  Education,  most  reliable. 

75.  World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 
Congressional  directory. 

New  international  year-book,  under  United  States,  diplomatic 
service. 

76.  Rand-McNally,    Commercial   atlas    of   United   States.     Index 

on  back  of  state  map  of  Ohio,  towns,  sub-alphabet  Toledo, 
followed  by  letter  guiding  to  name  of  road  at  end  of  index. 
McGraw,   Electric  railway  manual. 

77.  State  manual. 

Commissioners    of    education    are    also    given    in    educational 
directory  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education. 

78.  State  manual. 

Educational  directory.     (United  States  Bureau  of  Education.) 
Report    of   United    States    Commissioner    of    Education;    try 
index  in  each  volume. 

79.  Index  to  state  publications,  issued  monthly  by  the  Library  of 

Congress. 

80.  Table  of  contents. 

81.  New  Standard  Dictionary. 

82.  a.    Full  census  reports.    Volumes  for  population,  sub-arranged 

by  subject,  (ages),  then  by  state,  then  by  city, 
b.    Given    also    in    Census    abstract;    index    population,    sub- 
division, ages. 

83.  Whitaker  Almanac,  under  precedence  in  index  at  front. 

84.  Industrial  arts,  published  by   the   H.   W.   Wilson   Co.,   White 

Plains,  N.  Y. 

85.  World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 

See  also  the  Statistical  abstract  and  the  Census  abstract. 

86.  a.    United  State  Government  Printing  Office,  which  issues  as 

one    of    its    publications    the    United    States    Agricultural 
year-book, 
b.    Document  catalogue. 

Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature. 

182 


87.  World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 
Congressional  directory. 

Statesman's  Year-book;  index,  under  United  States;  govern- 
ment. 
New  international  year-book,  under  United  States. 

88.  Dictionaries,  including  Century  dictionary  of  names. 
New  international  and  Americana  encyclopaedias. 
Brewer,  Reader's  handbook. 

89.  United  States  catalogue  of  books  in  print,  at  the  back. 
A.  L.  A.  catalogue,  at  the  front. 

Publishers'   trade    list   annual;    in   alphabetical   order   by   firm 
name. 

90.  World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 

91.  Gazetteer. 

Dictionaries,  including  Century  dictionary  of  names. 
Encyclopaedias. 

92.  First  number  in  the  alphabetical  index  usually  refers  to  map 

number,  second  and  third  to  numbers  or  letters  at  top  and 
side  of  map,  near  the  intersection  of  which  the  place  can 
be  found. 

93.  Statesman's  Year-book;  index,  Spain;   sub-alphabet,  colonies. 
Gazetteer:    encyclopaedias. 

94.  Murray,   New    English    dictionary.      (Oxford   dictionary.) 

95.  Bliss,  Cyclopaedia  of  social  reform;  also  bibliography  at  end 

of  article. 
Cyclopaedia    of   American    government;    also   bibliography    at 

end  of  article. 
American  year-book;  also  bibliography  at  end  of  article. 
Public  affairs  information  service;  an  index  for  current  topics; 

published  weekly  by  the   Wilson   Company. 
The  H.  W.  Wilson  Co.,  of  White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  rent  articles 

for  debates.     Information  on  request. 

96.  a.    Dewey  or  decimal  classification. 

b.  English  poetry;  ''B"  stands  for  Burns,  followed  by  numbers 
representing  "ur"  the  second  and  third  letters    (821:B95) 

c.  000     General  Works  500     Natural  Science 
100     Philosophy                           600     Useful  arts 

200     Religion  700     Fine  arts 

300     Sociology  800     Literature 

400     Philology  900     History 

d.  Essays. 

97.  New  Century  book  of  facts. 

183 


98.  Ayer;  Newspaper  annual. 

99.  Magazine  subject-index. 

100.  Shakespeare  concordance. 

101.  a.    Baker,  Guide  to  historical  fiction.     Index. 
b.    Baker,  Guide  to  best  fiction.     Index. 

102.  Encyclopaedias,  under   Peru,   subdivision,   "Fauna." 

103.  Index  under  most  important  word  of  each  quotation  in: 

Bartlett,  Familiar  quotations. 
Hoyt,  Cyclopaedia  of  quotations. 
Walsh,  Prose  and  poetical  quotations. 

104.  Julian,  Dictionary  of  hymnology. 

105.  a-c.     Consult  local  card  catalogue, 
d.    Upper  left  hand  corner  of  card. 

106.  Document  catalogues,  one  published  for  each  congress. 

107.  a,  b,  c.    World  almanac.     (Try  other  almanacs.)     Educational 

directory  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education  gives 
some   of   the  items. 
Try    report    of    United    States    Commissioner    of    Education; 
index  under  college  in  each  volume  for  some  of  the  points. 

108.  a.    Index  to  short  stories,  published  by  Wilson  Co. 

b.    Same  as  "a,"  and  Poole's  index,  volume  1882-1887. 

109.  Explains  itself. 

110.  a.    American  year-book. 

Bliss,   Cyclopaedia  of  social  reform,  end  of  article. 
Cyclopaedia  of  American  government,  end  of  article. 
Try  also,   Congressional  Record  for  speeches  in   Congress 
on  the  subject;  Readers'  guide;  Public  affairs  information 
service. 

b.    End  of  article  on  Queen  Elizabeth   in  encyclopaedias. 
Cannon,     Reading    references    lor    English    history    gives 
poems,  orations,  etc..  for  periods,  if  any. 
Andrews,  Bibliography  of  history  for  high  school  libraries. 
Text  books  on  English  history. 

111.  McSpadden;    Synopses — one    each    for    Dickens,    Shakespeare, 

Operas. 
Warner,   Library   of   the   world's   best   literature;    synopses   of 

books  in  last  volumes. 
Pierce,  Dickens'  dictionary. 
American  cyclopaedia  of  music. 

184 


112.  February,  2.  May,  2.  August,  2.  November,  2. 
March,  3.  June,  6.  September,  9.  December,  12. 
April,          1.           July,   1.           October,       1. 

Five  December  numbers  make  a  volume,  as:   Vol.  1,  1900-1904; 
Vol.  2,  1905-1909;    Vol.  3,  1910-1914. 

113.  a.    Poole's  index  to  periodical  literature,  under  subject. 
b.    Six  volumes  in  series. 

114.  Book  review  digest. 

115.  Encyclopaedias;  sub-heading,   hydrography. 

116.  Local  reports  of  Police  commission. 

117.  Any  good  Bible  concordance;  under  important  word  of  quota- 

tion. 

118.  a.    Webster's  New  international  dictionary;  index  in  reference 

history  edition. 

b.  Statistical   abstract;    World,    and    other    almanacs;    United 
States  Bureau  of  Immigration  reports. 

c.  Census  abstract. 

119.  a.    A   business    directory   is    given   at   the   back,    alphabetical 

under  business, 
b.    A  street  directory  is  given  at  the  back;  alphabetical  under 

street,  sub-arranged  by  house  numbers;  streets  intersecting 

between  numbers,  indicated, 
c  and  d.     Miscellaneous  information,  indexed  at  front  usually; 

sometimes  at  back. 

120.  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  in  general  index. 

121.  Index  at  front,  under  article,  in: 

Hendricks,  Commercial  register. 

Thomas,   Register  of  American  manufacturers. 

122.  Volumes  1-27  and  28-36  in  separate  indexes.     Volumes  28-36 

also  in  first  edition  of  Wilson,  Children's  catalogue. 

123.  Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature. 

124.  Moody,  Analyses  of  investments;  index  under  name  of  firm,  at 

the   front. 

125.  New   international   encyclopaedia,   separate   volume,    "Courses 

of  reading  and  study." 
Britannica   encyclopaedia;   "Classified   list  of  articles,"   at   end 

of  index  volume. 
Century  book  of  facts  under  each  subject,  at  end  of  article. 

126.  Thomas,   Register   of  American   manufacturers,    at    the   back. 

(Pink  leaves,  usually.) 

127.  Statistical  abstract. 

World  almanac.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 

185 


128.  Price   lists    are    sent   free,    upon    application    to   the    Supt.    of 

Documents,  Washington,  D.  C. 

129.  State  reports  from  the  Bureau  of  Labor. 

130.  Dictionaries. 

131.  a.    Hoyt,    Cyclopaedia    of    quotations;    arranged    by    subject; 

index  of  subjects  at  the  front, 
b.    Bartlett,  Familiar  quotations,  arranged  by  authors;  index 
of  authors  at  the  front. 

Hoyt  gives  an  alphabetical  index  at  the  back  of  the  authors 
as  scattered  under  the  subject  arrangement. 

132.  United  States  catalogue  of  books  in  print.     (Gives  any  book 

in  print.) 
Century  dictionary,  of  names.     (Volume  XI.)     (Only  standard 

works.) 
New  international  encyclopaedia.     (Only  standard  works.) 
Americana  encyclopaedia.     (Only  standard  works.) 

133.  Explains  itself. 

134.  United  States  Bureau  of  Education;  Educational   directory. 
Local  city  directory. 

135.  A  preface  usually  outlines  the  aim  and  scope  of  a  book. 

136.  American  year-book;  index,  under  commerce. 
Congressional  directory. 

Cyclopaedia    of    American    government;    second    reference    in 
index  at  end  of  Vol.  Ill,  under  Navigation,  Bureau  of. 

137.  a  and  b.     Index  to  Congressional  Record  for  session  indicated. 

138.  Preceding  the   first  entry  of  the  index  proper. 

139.  World  almanac  under  ruler  in   index  at   front.        (Try  other 

almanacs.) 
Statesman's  Year-book. 
Whitaker,  Almanac. 
New  international  year-book. 
Hazell's  annual. 

140.  Library  of  Congress  Printed  card   catalogue  division,   Wash- 

ington, D.  C. 

141.  a-c.    Rand-McNally  Atlas.     Index  on  back  of  map  of  Main.;, 

under  Portland;  the  railroads  are  indicated  by  numbers; 
these  numbers  appear  in  red  ink  on  face  of  the  map, 
followed  by  name  of  road. 

Trolley  lines  are  indicated  by  small  letters,  referring  to  a 
list  at  end  of  index  on  back  of  map.     See  also,   McGraw 
Electric  railway  manual. 
Railway  and  steamship  guide. 

186 


142.  New  international  year-book  under  name  of  state. 
State  manual. 

World  almanac,  index  at  front  under  name  of  state,  election 
returns.       (Try  other  almanacs.) 

143.  Dictionaries: 

Harper  Book  of  facts,  under  name  of  state. 
State   manual. 

144.  a.    Dictionaries:    sub-division    under  word,   "order." 

b.  New  Standard. 

c.  In  dictionaries,  as  other  foreign  phrases  are  found. 

145.  World  almanac,   indexed  at  the  front  under  college.        (Try 

other  almanacs.) 

146.  a.    A.  L.  A.     Portrait  index. 

b.    Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature. 

147.  Who's  who,  at  end  of  article. 

148.  Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature. 

For  article  published  before  1900,  Poole's  index. 

Publisher  and  price,   in  United  States  catalogue  of  books   in 

print,  or  supplements. 

149.  Explains  itself. 

150.  If  the  preceding  problems  are  understood,  no  key  should  be 

required  for  this  last  one;  if  they  are  not  understood,  more 
stud}-  should  be  given  to  the  problems. 


187 


INDEX 

Individual  books  are  not  listed  by  author  and  title  in  this  index 
unless  they  have  been  given  some  special  emphasis  in  the  text,  as 
the  lists  are  classified  in  the  different  groups. 
Agriculture,  United  States  Department  of,  145,  146. 
Almanacs,  see  Year-books. 
American  Library  Association,  133. 

catalogues  of,  127. 
Annuals,  see  Year-book. 
Atlases,  Group  1;  C,  28-34. 

that  should  be  known.  31. 

problems  in  use  of,  33. 

Index  arrangements,  28,  30,  71. 
Ayer,  Newspaper  annual,  129,  No.  8. 

Bartlett,  John;  Familiar  quotations,  24;  No.  2:a:l-3. 

specimen  entry  from,  24. 
Bibliography,  138,  No.  11  :a-i. 
Book,  Parts  of  a,  Group  1;  A,  9-21. 
Book  selection,  Group  7;  B,  133-141. 

guides  to,  that  should  be  known,  136. 

problems  on  use  of  guides,  139. 
Bureau  of  Education,  United  States,  146. 
Business;    guides  to  firms,  129,  No.  9-14. 

Call  numbers,  92. 

Card  catalogue,  Group  4;  B,  89-93. 

Catalogues  of  books,  see  Book  selection,  Group  7;  B. 

Century  dictionary,  arrangement  of  material  in,  58,  3rd  col. 

Proper  names,  72:2:c. 

Atlas,  specimen  entry  from,  28,  29. 
Children's  books,  see  Book  selection. 
City  directory,  156-160. 

City  publications,  see  Public  documents,  city. 
Classification  of  libraries,  see  Library  classification. 
Concordances,  Group  1;  B,  22-27. 

that  should  be  known,  24. 

problems  on  use  of,  26. 
Contents,  Table  of,  10-12. 
Copyright,  9. 

Cross-reference,  meaning  of,  68:  No.  4. 
Cumulative  book  index.  134,  135. 
Current  events,  Group  6;  B,  116-119. 

guides  that  should  be  known,  118. 

problems  on  the  use  of,  119. 

see  also,  Magazines;    Year-books. 
Cutter,  Table  of  author  marks,  85. 
Cyclopaedias,  see  encyclopaedias. 

Dates;  see  Historical  dates:  Current  events. 
Debates,  Group  5;    C.  101-104. 

guides  that  should  be  known,  102. 

problems  on  the  use  of  guides,  104. 
Decimal  library  classification, 

see  Library  classification. 
Dewey  classification,  see  Decimal. 
Dictionaries,  Group  2;  A-C,  35-66. 

brief  encyclopaedias,  35;    73. e. 


Century,  see  Century, 
comparative  table  of,  58. 
dates  in,  120. 

Murray,  New  English,  64,  65. 
New  Standard,  46-57. 
of  special  subjects,  76. 
old,  list  of  prominent,  62. 
Prefaces  in  old,  63. 
Problems  in  use  of,  60;  66. 
Webster's  New  international,  36-45. 
Document  catalogue,   144. 

Encyclopaedias,  Group  3;  A-B,  67-81. 

arrangement  of  material  in,  67-68. 

different  aims  of,  67. 

foreign,  73,  No.  4. 

for  young  people,  72,  No.  2,  b. 

index  to  Britannica,  68,  No.  7;  69;  71. 

inexpensive,  72,  No.  2,  a-e. 

of  special  subjects,  76-81. 

problems  in  use  of,  73,  79. 

standard,  71,  No.  1,  a-d. 
Epitomes  and  synopses,  78. 

Fiction,  Index  to  short  stories,  126-7. 
Baker's  Guides  to,  128,  No.  2-3. 

Genealogies,  indexes  to,  130,  No.  15. 
Government  publications,  see  Public  documents. 
Granger,  Index  to  poetry,  128,  No.  4. 

Handbooks,  79,  No.  23,  a-h. 
Historical  dates,  Group  5;  C,  120-122. 

guides  that  should  be  known,  120. 

problems  on  use  of,  122. 
Holidays,  see  Special  day  celebrations. 
Hoyt,  J.  K.,  Cyclopaedia  of  quotations,  25,  No.  b.  1-4. 

specimen  entry  from,  23. 

Indexes,  13-19. 

see  also;  atlases,  encyclopaedia  Britannica, 
dates,  current  events,  magazines,  state  publications, 
publishers,  United  States  documents,  Special  indexes  and 
other  general  headings. 

Introduction  to  a  book,   10. 

Investments,  Moody  Analyses  of,  130,  No.  12. 

Libraries,  selection  of  books  for,  see  Book  seelction. 
Library  classification,  Group  4;  A,  83-88. 
Library  of  Congress  printed  cards,  90. 

Magazine  indexes,  Group  5;  A-B,  95-101. 

that  should  be  known,  99. 

problems  on  use  of,  98,  100. 

Readers'  guide,  95-98. 

Agencies  for,  100,  No.  6. 

see  also.  Current  events;  Newspapers. 
Moody,  Analyses  of  investments,  130,  No.  12. 
Murray,  New  English  dictionary,  64,  65. 


Newspapers,  Guides  to  publishers  of,  129,  No.  8. 

see  also  Current  events. 
New  Standard  dictionary. 

see  dictionaries. 

Periodicals. 

see  Magazines,  Current  events,  Newspapers. 
Picture  firms,  Group  5;  E,  110. 
Poole's  index,'99,  No.  4. 
Portraits,  Indexes  to,  127,  No.  1,  a-b. 
Preface,  description  of  a,  9. 

to  old  dictionaries,  63. 
Price    lists;    of   United    States    government   publications    for   sale, 

148,  No.  11. 
Public  documents,  Group  8;  A-C,  143-157. 

city  publications,  155. 

state  publications,  152. 

United  States  publications,  143-151. 
Publishers,  promoters  of  education,  133. 

of  inexpensive  classics,  133. 

trade  catalogue  of,  134;  139  No.  14,  a;  b. 

United  States  catalogue  of,  and  supplements,  134,  135. 

Quotations,  see  Concordances. 

Readers'  guide  to  periodical  literature,  Group  5;  A,  95-98. 
specimen  entry  from,  97. 
problems  on  the  use  of,  98. 
supplement  to,  99,  No.  1. 

Reading  lists,  see  Book  selection. 

Shelf  list,  87. 

Special  day  celebrations,  Group  5;  D,  106-109. 

guides  that  should  be  known,  106. 

problems  on  the  use  of  guides,  108. 
Short  story  index,  126-7. 
Special  indexes,  Group  7;  A,  125-132. 

guides  that  should  be  known.  127. 

problems  on  use  of,  131. 
State  publications,  see  public  documents,  State. 
Stories,  index  to  short, 

see  fiction. 
Synopsis,  Guides  to,  78. 

Table  of  contents,  10-12. 
Title  page,  9. 

United  States  catalogue  of  books  in  print,  134. 
United  States  government  publications, 
see  Public  documents,  United  States. 

Webster's  New  international  dictionary. 

see  dictionaries. 
World  almanac,  111,  No.  1. 

Year-books,  Group  6;  A,  111-115. 
that  should  be  known,  111. 
problems  on  use  of,  113. 
table  of  comporative  arrangement  in,  115. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS  ANGELES 

THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


«rc  5 


k\ 


z 

1035 
H77 


nopKins    - 


<^>.*L 

'   :^ence    suide: 


that    should   "be 


known . 


•>-',■ 


"-    :  fl  1,L  1  >■£?=• 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


AA      000119  275    6 


Z 

1035 

H77 

cop. 2 


OHMAL  SCHOOL 


